Digital Carbon Footprint in Nigeria: Awareness, Emissions, and Sustainable Mitigation Strategies

Abstract

The accelerating pace of digital transformation has significantly reshaped communication, 
commerce, education, governance, and financial systems worldwide. While Information and 
Communication Technologies (ICT), cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and digital 
services have enhanced productivity and economic development, their growing dependence 
on electricity-intensive infrastructure has raised concerns regarding environmental 
sustainability. This study assessed the level of awareness of digital carbon footprints 
among Nigerians and estimated carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions associated with common 
digital activities. A descriptive research design incorporating quantitative and qualitative 
approaches was adopted. Data were collected from 500 internet users across major 
Nigerian cities, including Lagos, Abuja, Port Harcourt, Kano, and Enugu, using structured 
online questionnaires. Results revealed relatively low awareness of digital carbon 
footprints, with only 48.4% of respondents indicating awareness, while 51.6% lacked 
knowledge of the environmental consequences of digital technologies. Analysis of internet 
usage patterns showed an average daily online engagement of approximately 3.2 hours per 
user. Applying internationally recognized emission factors for digital activities yielded an 
estimated annual emission of approximately 46.7 tonnes of CO₂ for the sampled population. 
The findings reveal a substantial knowledge gap regarding the environmental implications 
of digitalization despite increasing internet penetration in Nigeria. The study recommends 
public awareness campaigns, sustainable digital practices, green ICT investments, and 
policy interventions to support environmentally responsible digital transformation in 
Nigeria.