Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences (Science Forum)
Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences (Science Forum) is a peer-reviewed, quarterly open access journal that is aimed at providing rapid and quality publication of learned articles in all areas of Science and other related disciplines which can be accessed online and hard copy.
Assessing the Impact of the Advanced Digital Appreciation Programme for Tertiary Institutions (ADAPTI) Training in Colleges of Education: A Study of FCEs and COEs in the North Central States of Nigeria.
The integration of digital competencies into teacher education remains pivotal in equipping 21st-century educators with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary for effective teaching and learning in technology-driven environments. This study examined the impact of the Advanced Digital Appreciation Programme for Tertiary Institutions (ADAPTI) on lecturers in Colleges of Education (COEs) and Federal Colleges of Education (FCEs) across the North Central states of Nigeria. The study employed a descriptive survey research design to capture the perceptions and experiences of lecturers who participated in the programme. The population comprised 1,580 lecturers drawn from the targeted institutions, from which a sample of 316 respondents was selected using a stratified random sampling technique to ensure equitable representation across institutions, academic disciplines, and ranks. A researcher developed instrument titled ADAPTI Impact Assessment Questionnaire (AIAQ), with a reliability coefficient of 0.87, was used to collect quantitative data on lecturers’ digital literacy, pedagogical integration, and research practices. Data were analyzed using mean scores and standard deviations to determine the extent of ADAPTI’s influence on professional competence. Findings revealed that participation in the ADAPTI training significantly enhanced lecturers’ digital literacy skills, instructional delivery approaches, and research productivity through improved use of digital tools, virtual learning platforms, and online collaboration systems. Nonetheless, the study also identified several implementation challenges, including inadequate institutional ICT infrastructure, unreliable power supply, and limited post-training technical support, which constrained the full utilization of the acquired digital competencies. The study concludes that while ADAPTI has substantially contributed to the digital transformation of teacher education in Nigeria, sustained government commitment, institutional investment in ICT infrastructure, and continuous capacity-building initiatives are imperative to consolidate these gains. It is therefore recommended that periodic refresher workshops, digital resource hubs, and the integration of digital pedagogy into teacher education curricula be prioritized to ensure long-term impact and sustainability in line with national and global educational development goals.
Advanced Digital Appreciation, Digital Literacy, Teacher Education, Colleges of Education, ICT Integration, North Central Nigeria.
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Sedimentology of a Basin-Margin Lacustrine Fan-Delta Depositional System in the Campano Maastritchian Bida Formation, Bida Basin, Nigeria
Basin margin sedimentary deposits are increasingly recognized as holding significant potential for both hydrocarbon source and reservoir rocks, depending largely on the prevailing paleogeographic and depositional conditions. Despite their importance, the depositional environments of sedimentary successions along the eastern margin of the Bida Basin, particularly around Lapai, have not been systematically documented. This study addresses that gap by examining part of the eastern margin basin fill through detailed field investigations and facies analysis of relatively well-exposed outcrops. The analysis led to the recognition of seven lithofacies, which were further grouped into three genetically related facies associations: (i) offshore lacustrine, (ii) subaqueous fan-delta, and (iii) subaerial fan systems. The offshore lacustrine association is dominated by mudstone facies (Fm), massive sandstone (Sm), and normally graded gravelly sandstone (Sn). These facies are interpreted as the products of suspension settling, hyperconcentrated density flows, and turbidity currents, respectively. The subaqueous fan-delta association is characterized by the intercalation of debris-flow deposits (Facies Gmu, Sm, and Sn) with fine-grained mudstone and siltstone intervals (Fm), reflecting the interplay between mass-flow processes and background lacustrine sedimentation. In contrast, the subaerial fan association is represented predominantly by ungraded, matrix-supported conglomerates (Gmu) and pebbly to massive sandstones (Sm), with occasional trough cross-bedded conglomerates (Gt) and minor mudstone intercalations (Fm). The observed vertical stacking pattern of these associations indicates a progressive progradation of alluvial fan systems into the lacustrine environment, reflecting a dynamic interplay between tectonic activity, sediment supply, and lake-level fluctuations along the basin margin. From a petroleum system perspective, the subaqueous fan-delta association is interpreted as the most prospective target for conventional hydrocarbon reservoirs, owing to its textural heterogeneity and potential for sand-rich channelized deposits. Meanwhile, the offshore lacustrine facies association holds significant potential for unconventional hydrocarbon resources, especially as organic-rich fine-grained intervals could act as both source rocks and tight reservoirs. Overall, this work underscores the importance of integrating detailed outcrop-based facies analysis with paleoenvironmental reconstructions to generate robust conceptual paleogeographic models. Such models are invaluable in assessing the petroleum potential of basin-margin successions, particularly in underexplored frontier basins like the Bida Basin.
Bida Basin, Lapai, Alluvial Fan, Fan-Delta, Debris Flow, Hyperconcentrated Flow
Sedimentological, Facies Architecture and Palaeoenvironmental Reconstruction of Ajali and Mamu Formations exposures in Iyale and Agbenema, Northern Anambra Basin, Nigeria
This study provides an integrated investigation of the sedimentology, facies architecture, and palaeoenvironmental evolution of the Ajali Sandstone and Mamu Formation in the northern Anambra Basin, southeastern Nigeria. Detailed fieldwork along the Iyale–Agbenema corridor combined stratigraphic logging, granulometric analysis, petrographic studies, and heavy mineral characterization with facies classification and palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. The Ajali Sandstone is composed predominantly of medium– to coarse–grained, poorly sorted quartz arenites, characterized by prominent cross-bedding, flaser structures, herringbone cross-stratification, and Skolithos burrows. Grain-size parameters, C–M patterns, and linear discriminant functions collectively indicate deposition in tidally influenced fluvial–deltaic systems, shaped by alternating phases of high-energy braided river discharge and nearshore marine reworking. Petrographic evidence, complemented by heavy mineral assemblages enriched in zircon, tourmaline, and rutile, suggests high textural maturity and points to multicycle sediment recycling sourced from uplifted basement complexes and recycled sedimentary terranes. In contrast, the Mamu Formation is dominated by laminated clays, siltstones, shales, and ferruginised horizons bearing root traces and plant debris. These facies reflect deposition within lower delta plain to prodelta environments, marked by fluctuating redox conditions, quiet-water sedimentation, and episodic subaerial exposure. Together, the Ajali–Mamu successions capture the complex interplay of Late Cretaceous transgressive–regressive cycles in southeastern Nigeria, where proximal braided fluvial systems repeatedly prograded into coastal plain and shallow marine environments. The integration of sedimentological, petrographic, and provenance data highlights this succession as a key stratigraphic archive for reconstructing basin evolution, sediment dispersal pathways, and palaeoenvironmental dynamics within the Benue Trough system. Overall, these findings refine existing depositional models and underscore the controlling role of tidal–fluvial interactions in shaping the sedimentary architecture of paralic basins during the Late Cretaceous.
Facies Architecture, Palaeoenvironment, Ajali Formation, Mamu Formation, Anambra Basin
Analyzing the Role of Media Awareness in the Spread of Cat Scratch Disease Using a Fuzzy Fractional-Order Epidemic Model
Cat Scratch Disease (CSD) is an emerging yet underreported zoonotic infection primarily caused by Bartonella henselae. Although it poses significant public health risks, particularly among immunocompromised individuals, it has received limited attention within the field of mathematical epidemiology. This study introduces a novel fuzzy fractional-order epidemic model to explore the impact of media awareness on mitigating the spread of CSD. The model employs Caputo-type fractional derivatives to capture memory-dependent transmission dynamics and incorporates fuzzy set theory to account for uncertainties in critical epidemiological parameters. A dedicated media awareness compartment is integrated into the framework, dynamically reducing the effective contact rate through behavioral change. The basic reproduction number R0R_0R0 is analytically derived using the next-generation matrix approach, and rigorous qualitative analysis establishes the existence, uniqueness, and stability of the system’s equilibria. Numerical experiments are conducted via the fuzzy Grünwald–Letnikov scheme with α-cut decomposition, providing robust approximations of system behavior. Simulation results reveal that sustained media interventions markedly reduce infection prevalence, flatten epidemic peaks, and delay outbreak progression. Overall, the findings highlight the crucial role of hygiene education and targeted communication strategies in managing zoonotic diseases. The proposed framework not only offers a more realistic and flexible tool for policy simulation but also holds promise for extension to other media-sensitive zoonoses, thereby contributing to improved epidemic preparedness and control.
Fuzzy Fractional- Order Model; Caputo Derivative; Media Awareness; Zoonotic Infections; Epidemic Modeling.
Mathematical Modeling of Banditry and Sustainable Pathways to Peace: Optimal Control through SDG-Based Intervention Strategies
Banditry has emerged as one of Nigeria’s most urgent security and developmental crises, destabilizing communities, disrupting education, undermining livelihoods, and eroding public trust in governance. This study develops a student-focused mathematical model that explicitly captures the dynamics of banditry while assessing optimal intervention strategies grounded in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In contrast to earlier models that address banditry primarily from broad socio-political perspectives, this research foregrounds the vulnerabilities of students and educational institutions—demonstrating how persistent insecurity threatens human capital development and national progress. The model presented in this study introduces three strategic control levers: security and justice enforcement (u₁), education and job creation (u₂), and rehabilitation and reintegration programs (u₃). Employing an epidemic-inspired compartmental framework, Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle, and Forward-Backward Sweep numerical simulations, the study evaluates the “banditry reproduction number” across different intervention scenarios. Findings reveal that an integrated triple-strategy approach (u₁+u₂+u₃) is most effective, rapidly suppressing banditry while fostering long-term reintegration of offenders. In contexts constrained by limited resources, the dual strategy combining security enforcement with education and employment opportunities (u₁+u₂) emerges as the most practical balance, disrupting recruitment pipelines while simultaneously addressing root causes. Numerical results highlight key dynamics: enforcement measures reduce the pool of active bandits, educational and employment programs block the inflow of new recruits, and rehabilitation initiatives channel former offenders into productive and peaceful reintegration. The analysis demonstrates that no single measure is sufficient; only coordinated, multi-dimensional strategies can dismantle criminal structures, rebuild community resilience, and restore stability. By explicitly linking outcomes to SDG 4 (Quality Education), SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), and SDG 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions), this research provides a policy relevant, evidence-based framework for designing sustainable intervention strategies. Beyond Nigeria, the model offers broader insights into addressing violent criminality in fragile contexts across West Africa, positioning mathematical modeling as a valuable tool for guiding peacebuilding and development policy.
Banditry, Mathematical Modeling, Optimal Control, SDGs, Education, Security, Reintegration, Nigeria.
Environmental Compliance and Land Degradation Dynamics in Artisanal and Large-Scale Mining: Evidence from Jos South, Nigeria
Mining plays a dual role as both a catalyst for economic growth and a driver of severe environmental degradation, particularly in regions where compliance with environmental standards is weak or poorly enforced. In Nigeria, the coexistence of artisanal and large-scale mining presents contrasting compliance behaviors with far reaching ecological and socio-economic implications. This study examines environmental compliance and land degradation dynamics across artisanal and large scale mining operations in Jos South Local Government Area, Plateau State. A mixed methods approach was employed, integrating quantitative data from 374 survey respondents with qualitative insights drawn from interviews with regulators, community leaders, and mining operators. Findings reveal marked differences in compliance and degradation outcomes between artisanal and large-scale mining. Artisanal mining was strongly linked to abandoned pits, water pollution, and the loss of farmland productivity—consequences of informal practices, weak institutional oversight, and the absence of reclamation mechanisms. Large-scale mining, though formally regulated, exhibited partial and inconsistent compliance with environmental management standards, particularly in progressive land rehabilitation, topsoil conservation, and waste disposal. These lapses resulted in vegetation clearance, soil erosion, and widespread deforestation, undermining the long-term ecological balance of the region. The study further identifies institutional weaknesses—including overlapping agency mandates, inadequate enforcement capacity, and limited stakeholder engagement—as structural barriers that perpetuate poor compliance at both mining scales. It concludes that achieving sustainable mining in Jos South requires scale-sensitive regulatory frameworks tailored to the distinct realities of artisanal and large-scale operations. Key recommendations include the introduction of mandatory rehabilitation bonds and performance guarantees for large-scale operators, the establishment of community-based monitoring and reporting systems for artisanal mining sites, and enhanced inter-agency coordination to strengthen regulatory enforcement. By adopting these measures, Nigeria can mitigate land degradation, safeguard local livelihoods, and align mining practices with broader goals of environmental sustainability and socio-economic resilience.
Mining compliance, Artisanal mining, Large-scale mining, land degradation, Jos South, Environmental regulation.
Distribution, Seasonal Fluctuation and Infectivity of Schistosome Snail Hosts at Kiri Reservoir, Nigeria
Kiri Lake, now over four decades old, has received limited scientific attention regarding its role in the transmission of water-related diseases. Recent reports, however, have linked schistosomiasis transmission in seven nearby communities to the lake, as its waters serve as the primary source for domestic use. In light of these concerns, this study investigated the distribution, seasonal population dynamics, and infection rates of freshwater snails, which act as intermediate hosts of schistosomes. Snails were sampled over a 20-month period using long-handled scoop nets at five strategically selected water contact sites. The study focused on species identification, seasonal population density, and infection prevalence. In addition, physicochemical parameters of lake water were analyzed, aquatic vegetation types were recorded, and human water contact activities were monitored throughout the study period. Three schistosome intermediate host snails were identified: Bulinus globosus, Bulinus truncatus, and Biomphalaria pfeifferi. The densities of B. globosus and B. pfeifferi peaked during the hot dry season but declined markedly during the rainy season. These seasonal variations were statistically significant within sites (p < 0.001), but not between sites (p > 0.001). In contrast, B. truncatus populations showed little seasonal fluctuation. All three species were naturally infected with schistosomes. The seasonal infection trend mirrored that of uninfected snails, though differences in infection prevalence were not statistically significant (p > 0.001). The findings confirm that schistosomiasis is endemic in the Kiri Lake area and underscore the lake’s role as a persistent transmission focus. Control strategies should therefore adopt an integrated approach, combining snail population management, health education to reduce risky water contact behaviors, and provision of alternative potable water sources. Such interventions will be crucial to reducing disease burden and improving public health outcomes for the surrounding communities.
Kiri, Nigeria, Schistosome hosts, Seasonal variation.
Preliminary Observations on the Diversity and Abundance of Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Fauna of Kashimbila Reservoir and Its Environs, Taraba State, Nigeria
The Kashimbila Reservoir, created through the damming of River Katsina-Ala and commissioned in 2023, represents a major multipurpose water resource project in northern Nigeria. Designed primarily to generate hydroelectric power, it also provides potable water to surrounding communities, supports irrigation, sustains fisheries, promotes tourism, and serves as a safeguard against the potential collapse of Lake Nyos by capturing discharged waters. Understanding the ecological status of this newly established reservoir is crucial, particularly through the study of macroinvertebrates, which play key roles in aquatic food webs and serve as reliable bioindicators of water quality. While extensive information exists on macroinvertebrate assemblages in southern Nigeria, there is a paucity of comparable data for northern freshwater ecosystems, especially the Kashimbila Reservoir. This study investigated macroinvertebrate communities over a six-month sampling period using a 500 µm mesh dip-net. Collected specimens were identified based on morphological characteristics with reference to standard taxonomic keys, and community structure was assessed using diversity indices calculated in PAST3 software. Three invertebrate phyla were recorded: Annelida, Arthropoda, and Mollusca, distributed across four classes. Class Clitellata (Annelida) accounted for 6.6% of the total abundance, Malacostraca (Arthropoda) for 7.4%, Insecta (Arthropoda) for 34.6%, and Gastropoda (Mollusca) dominated the assemblage with 51.3%. Diversity analysis revealed a Shannon–Wiener index of 2.13 and a Margalef’s richness index of 1.70, both indicating relatively low species diversity and richness within the reservoir. These findings provide the first baseline ecological data on macroinvertebrate fauna in the Kashimbila Reservoir, establishing a foundation for long-term monitoring and management of the ecosystem. Given the reservoir’s socio-economic and ecological importance, future studies should adopt a more comprehensive approach by incorporating seasonal variations and examining the influence of physicochemical parameters on both littoral and benthic macroinvertebrate communities. Such investigations will be critical for informing sustainable management practices and ensuring the ecological integrity of this strategic water resource.
Kashimbila, Macroinvertebrate, Fauna, Diversity, Abundance.
Phytochemical Analysis and Proximate Composition of Jatropha tagorensis Plant
Consumption of a diet rich in vegetables significantly enhances overall wellbeing by reducing the risk of various chronic conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, osteoporosis, several types of cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, respiratory disorders, and mental health issues. The protective effects of vegetables are often attributed to their phytochemical content, which may contribute to anti-inflammatory properties beneficial in managing cardiovascular diseases. However, the precise mechanisms of action of these phytochemicals remain difficult to fully elucidate. Anaemia remains a serious health concern across all age groups—children, adolescents, and adults alike. Jatropha tagorensis, commonly referred to in Northern Nigeria as “Get well soon” or “Kafi likita,” is traditionally used for its antianaemic and antioxidant properties. This study investigated the phytochemical composition and proximate nutrient content of fresh J. tagorensis leaves sourced from farms on the outskirts of Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Qualitative phytochemical screening was performed using established methods to detect the presence of key bioactive compounds: tannins (Van-Burden and Robinson, 1981), saponins (Obadoni and Ochuko, 2001), flavonoids (Boham and Kocipai-Abyazan, 1994), alkaloids (Harborne, 1973), phenols (Trease and Evans, 1985), and phlobatannins (Sofowora, 1993). The percentage composition obtained was: tannins (0.53%), saponins (0.80%), flavonoids (3.32%), alkaloids (0.67%), phenols (0.31%), and phlobatannins (1.43%). Proximate analysis, conducted using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC, 2000) methods, revealed the following composition: dry matter (89.01%), moisture content (5.44%), crude protein (17.75%), lipid (5.36%), crude fibre (5.32%), ash (14.49%), and carbohydrate (51.64%).
J. tagorensis, Phytochemicals, Proximate analysis, Antianaemic, Antioxidants.
Evaluation of Physicochemical parameters of samples from irrigated farms at Hweng, Foron District, Plateau State, Nigeria
The research work focused on the evaluation of Physicochemical parameters in samples from irrigated farms at Hweng, Foron District, Plateau State, Nigeria. The water, soil and plant samples were collected from the irrigated farms, Different analytical methods were used to determine the concentrations. The Physicochemical parameters analyzed were electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, total dissolved solid. (TDS), total hardness, dissolve oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), alkalinity, oil and grease (O/G), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrate, nitrite, sulphate and chloride. pH ranged from 6.5-69, EC ranged from 122-139 uS/cm, turbidity ranged from 0.83-205 NTU, TDS ranged from 80-90, hardness ranged from 27-48 mg/dm³, alkalinity ranged from 7-44g dm³, DO ranged from 6.8-8.4 mg dm³, BOD ranged from 1.11-3.4 mg dm³,, O/G ranged from 0-0.2 mg dm³, COD ranged from 1.6-48 mg dm³, nitrate ranged from 0.3-13 mg dm³, nitrite ranged from 0.2-0.4 mg dm³, sulphate ranged from 4.9-48.3 mg dm³, chloride from 0-0.1 mg dm³. Pearson correlation was used and all the parameters had a position relationship with each other. Water samples of rainy and dry seasons, and water samples of dry and control were not statistically significant while the rest had a statistically significant values.
Physicochemical parameters, water soil, plant, Pearson's correlation.
AN INVESTIGATION INTO ENROLMENT AND ATTRITION TRENDS IN PHYSICS EDUCATION IN NORTH CENTRAL NIGERIAN COLLEGES OF EDUCATION
Physics education plays a critical role in the scientific and technological advancement of any society. This research work was carried out on investigation into enrolment and attrition trends in Physics Education in North Central Nigerian Colleges of Education. The objectives of the research were to determine the trends in enrolment and attrition rate in Physics Education programs, identify the factors contributing to the decline in enrolment and high attrition rate in Physics Education, investigate the impact of institutional factors and propose strategies for improving enrolment and reducing attrition rate. Sampled population was drawn from the five Colleges of Education in North Central Nigeria. A sample of 375 students was determined using Salant and Dillman (1994) model for sampling size determination. 384 questionnaires were administered and retrieved. Data collected was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed that, the enrolment in Physics Education is generally perceived as declined (Aggregate Mean 3.02), respondents agree most strongly that there has been a 20% decline in enrolment over the last five (5) years (M=3.51), promotion efforts are weak and not effectively attracting new students (Aggregate Mean 2.89), strategies to reduce attrition are moderately agreed, with early intervention being the most promising (Aggregate mean 2.96). The study recommends among others, targeted bridging for mathematics, laboratory revitalisation, flexible fee/aid structures, mentoring, and tighter school - placement pathways. It also recommends serious drive operational definitions, and reporting templates adaptable by COEs and state ministries of Education to monitor physics teacher pipelines.
Physics Education, Enrolment, Attrition, Colleges of Education.
EFFICACY OF SMART CLASSROOMS ON PERFORMANCE AND RETENTION OF NIGERIA CERTIFICATE IN EDUCATION COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDENTS IN NORTH-CENTRAL NIGERIA
This study investigated the efficacy of Smart Classrooms on performance and retention of Nigeria Certificate in education computer science students in colleges of education within the North-Central Nigeria. Specially, the study was conceived to find out the impact of Smart Classrooms, gender difference in retention and students’ attitude towards computer science education. Four (4) research questions were raised to guide the study. The sample for the study were drawn from five (5) colleges of education within the North Central Nigeria and a quasi-experimental design was adopted. The study employed a sample size of 240 NCE II (130 females and 110 males) from five intact classes. Computer Science Performance Test (CSPT) and Computer Science Attitude Questionnaire (CSAQ) were instruments used to collect data for the study. An instructional package developed by the researchers was also used for 6 weeks content delivery for both the experimental and control group. The CSPT was administered twice in an interval of 2 weeks to determine performance and retention, while CSAQ was used to investigate students’ attitude towards computer science. The performance scores and opinion responses of the subjects were transcripted/coded for data analysis. The mean, t-test and analysis of variance were statistical tool used to analyzed data collected. The result of the study revealed that the experimental group had better performance over the control group in the post test, while the smart package revealed gender friendliness as the male and female NCE students performed comparably. Also, the experimental group has positive attitude towards learning computer than the students taught using conventional lecture method. Based on the fundings of the study, it was recommended that Smart Classroom should be used for content delivery at all levels of education in Nigeria and that teachers should be property train on its usage.
MITIGATING PLASTIC POLLUTION IN NIGERIA THROUGH CIRCULAR ECONOMY, A PROSPECT IN AZARE BAUCHI STATE NIGERIA.
Plastic pollution is an emerging global concern despite the huge benefits of plastics. The traditional production process assumes abundant, easily accessible, and cost-effective natural resources. Considering the world’s current trajectory, this assumption is unsustainable as human population and economic growth is nearly exceeding the Earth’s ecological limits. Circular economy, in contrast promotes waste reduction and improves resource efficiency, making it a more sustainable alternative to the dominant linear model of make, use and dispose model. Extensive review of existing waste management frameworks in Nigeria and their applicability towards the achievement of circular economy was used in this study. Key concepts of circular economy such as elimination of waste and pollution, circulation of products and materials, and restoration of nature were used in the assessment. Despite deliberate and conscious efforts made to promote the adoption of circular economy principles and practices in the country and mainstream such into our National Development Plans and cascade to the sub-nationals, the dividends are yet to be felt, it is hoped that with the increase in urbanization and population growth in Azare circular economy will help in mitigating plastic pollution. It is therefore recommended that government policies should be made and implemented with a strong political will, improve and upgrade the capacities of established recycling plants both human and machine and also educating the populace and creating awareness on the advantages in circular economy and the need to use recycled products.
Circular, Economy, Plastics, Pollution, Waste
ASSESSING CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES IN NIGERIA’S ENERGY SECTOR
Nigeria’s energy sector is both a driver of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and a victim of climate change. This study assesses federal-level mitigation and adaptation strategies within the sector, focusing on key policy frameworks such as the Energy Transition Plan (ETP), Renewable Energy Master Plan (REMP), National Adaptation Strategy and Plan of Action on Climate Change (NASPA-CCN), and the National Adaptation Plan (NAP). Using a qualitative narrative review of policy documents, government reports, and academic literature, the paper highlights strengths, gaps, and opportunities. Findings reveal that while the ETP and REMP demonstrate ambitious targets for renewable energy integration, implementation is hindered by inadequate funding, poor infrastructure, and low public awareness. Adaptation frameworks such as NASPA-CCN and NAP outline resilience-building measures but lack effective monitoring and community-level integration. Overall, Nigeria’s policies align with international commitments such as the Paris Agreement and Sustainable Development Goals, yet persistent barriers—technical, financial, and institutional—limit their effectiveness. The study concludes that Nigeria requires stronger governance, sustainable financing, and inclusive stakeholder engagement to enhance the resilience and sustainability of its energy sector.
Climate change, energy sector, mitigation, adaptation, Nigeria, policy assessment
SPATIAL ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION HOTSPOTS AND HEALTH RISKS FROM IMPROPER WASTE DISPOSAL IN GWAGWALADA, NIGERIA
This study investigates how improper waste disposal drives environmental pollution hotspots and health risks in Gwagwalada, Nigeria. Gwagwalada is undergoing rapid urbanization and population growth, which have strained its waste management system. Common practices such as open dumping and burning of waste have led to widespread soil, air, and water pollution. Using a mixed-methods approach that combines household surveys and spatial analysis, the study assessed residents' perceptions of environmental degradation, quantified economic costs, and identified socio-economic factors influencing waste disposal behaviors. Results reveal extensive pollution hotspots, high public health risks—including elevated rates of respiratory and waterborne diseases–as well as substantial economic impacts on healthcare, property values,, and agricultural productivity. The findings also highlight that existing waste infrastructure is inadequate, and that factors such as education level, income, and community engagement strongly shapes waste disposal practices. It recommends an integrated strategy to address these issues, including investment in formal infrastructure, public health outreach, environmental education, and community-based waste management programs. This research provides localized evidence to inform policies aimed at sustainable urban development and enhanced public health resilience in Gwagwalada.
Effect of framing and team assisted individualized instructional strategies on attitude towards trigonometry among senior secondary students, Niger state
The study examined the effect of framing and team assisted individualized instructional strategies on student’s attitude towards trigonometry among senior secondary school students in Niger State. Two (2) research questions correspond with two (2) null hypothesis were formulated to guide the study. The study adopted quasi-experimental research design using pre-test, post-test non-randomized control group design. A sample size of three hundred and sixty-two (362) students were used for the study. Three intact classes were used and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The instruments for data collection was Attitude towards mathematics inventory. A reliability coefficient of 0.73 was obtained using data collected from pilot test, the research instrument was validated by experts. Data collected from pretest and posttest was analyzed using ANCOVA. The findings revealed that experimental groups performed better than the control group. that is F (2,362 = 40.748; P<0.05). And there was no significant difference between the male and female students when taught trigonometry with framing and team assisted individualized instruction, that is F (2, 359 = 0.458, P>0.05). It was recommended among others that the government should organized workshop and seminars to equip the teachers in the use of framing and team assisted individualized instruction.
Attitude, framing, Team-assisted-individualized, Trigonometry
Deign of Frequency Hopping Circuit in a Wireless Communication Network
The study presents the design and implementation of a comparative wireless communication network that employ the Frequency Hopping (FH) technique as a counter measure against interference and malicious attacks. In Frequency Hopping, both transmitting and receiving circuits dynamically change its operating frequencies within predetermined time intervals. This approach significantly reduces the risk of interception and disruption by untrusted nodes, thereby ensuring that confidential information remain secure between legitimate endpoints. The inherently open nature of wireless network exposes them to security threats such as jamming, eavesdropping and unauthorized access, which compromised both the confidentiality and reliability of transmitted signals. To address these challenges, a Frequency Hopping Anti-Jammer system is developed using an ESP32 Microcontroller. The Microcontroller executes d program logic for message generation, transmission and reception while simultaneously controlling the Frequency Hopping sequence by rapidly and unpredictable altering carrier frequency and the system effectively mitigate jamming attack. The proposed design has practical application in scenario where highly secure communication is critical for security agencies, defense operation and top level Government officials
CHEMISTRY OF ANALYSIS AND DETERMINATION OF MICROPLASTICS AND NANOPLASTICS IN HUMANS, AIR, WATER AND SOIL: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF PREVIOUS STUDIES
Environmental pollution through plastics is increasing due to the speedy global progress that often prioritises human wishes over universal health. Despite worldwide efforts to mitigate legacy contaminants and pollutants, the continuous introduction of new substances remains a major threat to both people and the planet. In response, these worldwide initiatives, which focus on risk evaluation and assessment with the regulation of these emerging contaminants, were established. The key focus of this chapter is to provide data and information on the chemistry of analysis and determination of microplastics and nanoplastics in the environment. Information and data were sourced from published databases such as Scopus link, PubMed link, Royal Society of Chemistry Publishing link, SpringerLink, Google Scholar link, Magiran link, and Taylor and Francis Online link using the keywords microplastic and nanoplastic. The study revealed that there are several techniques for the determination and analysis of microplastics and nanoplastics. The techniques are particle-based methods for non-destructive (thermal degradation) and non-destructive spectroscopic methods (scanning probe microscopy coupled to spectroscopy and Raman-based analysis of nanoplastics enabled by optical tweezers). It was concluded that all these techniques can be used to gain information about various plastic particle properties
Microplastics and Nanoplastics; Environmental Pollution; Detection Techniques; Emerging Contaminants; Bioremediation
MECHANISMS OF MICROPLASTICS AND NANOPLASTICS REMOVAL FROM AIR, WATER AND SOIL: A BRIEF REVIEW
Micro and nano-plastics are among the emerging contaminants that pose new challenges to the researchers and scientiﬁc community due to their adverse impacts and eﬀects on human health and the environment. The treatment processes employed for the removal of micro- and nano-plastics from the environment (air, water and soil) are not common in the Literature. This study provides a basic review of treatment techniques for micro- and nano-plastics from the environment. Essential information and relevant data were collected and extracted from published databases such as PubMed link, Taylor and Francis Online link, ScienceDirect link and Google Scholar using the keywords: removal techniques of micro- and nano-plastics from water, air, and soil and a bibliometric analysis and a literature review on removal techniques of micro- and nano-plastics from water, air, and soil. The study revealed that treatment processes used for the removal include membrane technologies, advanced oxidation process, electro-coagulation, nano technology, bioremediation, dissolved air ﬂotation, mycoremediation, grit chamber, anaerobic, anoxic and oxic processes, activated sludge process, sand ﬁltration, rapid sand ﬁltration, granular activated carbon, and adsorption. It was concluded that the efficacy of these techniques is a function of many factors, such as variations in the quantity of pollutants and in the selection of the technique to be used; sustainability should be the key factor
Micro and Nano-plastics; Environmental Pollution; Treatment Techniques; Emerging Contaminants; Bioremediation
THE CHEMISTRY OF MICRO-PLASTICS AND NANO-PLASTICS IN SOIL-WATER
Microplastics and nanoplastics are universally distributed and frequently present in soil-water systems, thus posing serious health and ecological risks worldwide. This study presented and summarised the impact of fluctuations in selected free radicals (hydrogen peroxide, superoxide radicals, hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals) in soil-water systems on the degradation of microplastics and nanoplastics. The study established how fluctuations in hydrogen peroxide, superoxide radicals, hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals controlled by climate change impacted the fate of nanoplastics and microplastics. The study revealed that there are two basic mechanisms through which these free radicals start the degradation of microplastics and nanoplastics, which are indirect and direct oxidations. Change in precipitation and rainfall pattern, drought, heat-waves and wind speed or storms, which are induced by climate change, always modify soil conditions. The variations in free radicals can exert a significant influence and impact on the degradation of microplastics and nanoplastics, thus having a significant in the ecological implications. It was concluded that further studies are required in the mechanisms underlying the degradation, migration, distribution, and ecotoxicity of microplastics and nanoplastics with their derivatives, driven by vigorously changed free radicals in response to climate change, to enable the formulation of more effective environmental protection techniques to address the significant challenges posed by microplastics and nanoplastics pollution under complex climate conditions.
Microplastics; Nanoplastics; Pathways; Reaction Kinetics; Radicals, Soil-Water
Wireless RSSI-Fingerprint and KNN Algorithm for improved Accuracy Indoor Positioning system
Indoor Positioning Systems (IPS) has gained significant attention due to the increasing demand for location-based services in indoor environments where GPS signals are unreliable or unavailable. This study investigates the application of the k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithm for indoor localization using Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) values. The proposed system utilizes Wi-Fi signal strengths collected from multiple Access Points (APs) to estimate the position of a target device within a predefined indoor area. A fingerprinting technique is employed, where RSSI measurements are first collected at known reference points during an offline phase. In the online phase, the KNN algorithm identifies the k most similar signal patterns from the database and estimates the current location based on the coordinates of these nearest neighbors. The system's performance is assessed across different k values and varying environmental conditions to analyze the trade-off between positioning accuracy and computational complexity. Results show that KNN offers a robust, low-cost, and computationally efficient solution suitable for real-time indoor localization. Its simplicity and adaptability make it a promising approach for use in mobile and internet of things (IoT) applications. This paper contributes to RSSI-based indoor positioning research by evaluating the performance of the K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithm in a 10.6 m × 5.8 m room using data from four Wi-Fi access points and 60 reference points. The results demonstrate KNN's feasibility with an average positioning error of approximately 0.5 meters, while also addressing its limitations in handling signal variability and scalability in dynamic or larger environments.
Deterministic Soft Set with Application in Decision Making
This paper focus on the study of deterministic soft set with application in decision making. The traditional soft set is a mapping from a parameter to the crisp subset of universe. Molodtsov introduced the theory of soft sets as a generalized tool for modeling complex systems involving uncertain or not clearly defined objects. In this paper the concepts of deterministic soft set is introduced as a modification of the soft set theory. Based on the definition, we put forth the complement, union, intersection, OR and AND operation. Furthermore, we give application of this concept in solving decision making problem by developing an algorithm, which is demonstrated with a numerical example to validate the theoretical arguments.
Soft set, Soft expert set, Fuzzy set, Fuzzy soft set, Rough set, Deterministic soft set
Effect of Wood Species on the Mechanical Properties of Wood Plastic Composites
The quality of wood plastic composites (WPCs) is largely influenced by the type and properties of the reinforcing fibres, the manufacturing process, and the composition of the constituent materials. In particular, the choice of wood species used as filler and reinforcement plays a critical role in determining the mechanical performance of the final composite. This study investigated the impact of different wood species on the mechanical properties of WPCs. The selected wood species included Tectona grandis (TGS), Adansonia digitata (ADA), Khaya ivorensis (KHS), Butyrospermum paradoxum (BSP), and Gmelina arborea (GMA). These were blended with recycled polypropylene at varying filler loadings of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 wt%. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and hardness were evaluated in accordance with ASTM standards. Among the wood species tested, Khaya ivorensis (African mahogany) exhibited a notable tensile strength of 20.44 N/m² at 30 wt% and the highest flexural strength (44.47 MPa), followed by Gmelina arborea (Parrot Beak) at 39.77 MPa and Butyrospermum paradoxum (Shea Butter) at 38.97 MPa. At 50 wt% filler content, Gmelina arborea and Adansonia digitata (Baobab) demonstrated superior hardness values, with Gmelina arborea reaching 59.03 Hv. In terms of impact resistance, African mahogany and baobab recorded the highest values of 0.59 J and 0.55 J, respectively. At 20 wt% filler loading, Tectona grandis (Teak), African mahogany, and shea butter exhibited the highest modulus of elasticity, with values of 931.42 MPa, 1004.47 MPa, and 1141.21 MPa, respectively. These findings underscore the significant influence of wood species on the mechanical behavior of WPCs. The selection of suitable wood fibres can therefore be tailored to enhance specific performance attributes of the composite, depending on the intended application.
Wood species, Polymer, Composite, Reinforcement agent, Mechanical properties
Hydrochemical Characteristics and Quality Assessment of Surface and Groundwater Resources Around Nasarawa-Eggon Coal Mining Site Northcentral Nigeria Using Multivariate Statistical Analysis
Access to clean and safe potable water is vital for the well-being of communities in Nasarawa-Eggon, located in northcentral Nigeria. However, water resources in the area face quality degradation due to acidic discharges from abandoned coal mines and other anthropogenic activities. This study investigates the hydrochemical characteristics and quality of surface and groundwater around the Nasarawa-Eggon coal mining site, with the aim of evaluating their suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes using multivariate statistical techniques. A total of seventeen water samples were collected from ponds, streams, and boreholes and analyzed for key water quality indicator parameters. Hydrochemical facies were identified using Piper and Gibbs diagrams, revealing dominant water types including CaCl, Mixed CaMgCl, and HCO₃ types. The Gibbs plot indicated that rock weathering and mineral dissolution are the primary geochemical processes influencing water chemistry in the area. To assess relationships among water quality parameters and their potential sources, multivariate statistical methods such as Pearson correlation and hierarchical cluster analysis were employed. Water quality indices (WQI) for both drinking and irrigation were computed using standard evaluation models. Results from the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI) classified the drinking water quality as good, with groundwater exhibiting the highest quality. For irrigation suitability, the Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) indicated that 58.8% of the samples are of excellent quality, while 41.2% are good. Overall, the study underscores the impact of both natural processes and coal mining activities on the hydrochemical evolution of water in the area. It also demonstrates the utility of multivariate statistical techniques as effective tools for evaluating water quality and tracing pollution sources in mining-impacted environments.
Hydrochemistry, Water quality, Multivariate Statistics, Coal mining, Nasarawa-Eggon
Formation evaluation and reservoir characterization of hydrocarbon sand units in “X Field” Onshore Niger Delta Basin
This study investigates the hydrocarbon potential and reservoir quality of sand units within the “X” Field, located onshore in the Niger Delta Basin, through the integrated analysis of wireline log data and core samples. Composite log suites—including gamma ray, resistivity, neutron, density, and sonic logs—from three representative wells were interpreted to evaluate subsurface lithology, fluid types, and key petrophysical parameters relevant to hydrocarbon exploration and production. Two principal reservoir units encountered at varying depth intervals across the wells were identified and designated as the E_7000 and F_9000 Sands. Petrophysical evaluation revealed that these units comprise good-quality sandstone reservoirs, with average effective porosity (Øe) values ranging from 10% to 25%, and net-to gross (N/G) ratios between 31% and 85%. Crossplot analyses of log-derived data aided in lithology discrimination, effectively separating sand-dominated and shale-dominated intervals, and indicating hydrocarbon saturation—primarily oil and gas—in the reservoir sands. Integration with core data allowed for a more robust lithofacies and depositional environment interpretation, suggesting a transition from shoreface to fluvio-deltaic and submarine depositional systems. Among the identified units, the Sand A interval within the E_7000 Sand exhibited the best reservoir properties, with an average effective porosity of 23% and a net to-gross ratio of 80%, indicating excellent reservoir potential. The study further observed a general decline in reservoir quality with increasing depth, attributed to enhanced compaction, cementation, and heterogeneity within deeper stratigraphic intervals—common characteristics of deeper sections of the Niger Delta Basin. These findings underscore the importance of integrating core and wireline log data for accurate reservoir characterization, and they provide critical insights for optimizing field development and hydrocarbon recovery in the region.
Formation evaluation, Reservoir characterization, Hydrocarbon sand units, Niger Delta Basin
Susceptibility and compatibility of Bulinus globosus from different snails’ population in north eastern Nigeria to Schistosoma haematobium obtained in Bauchi and its implication for control of Urinary Schistosomiasis
This study investigated the compatibility of Bulinus globosus populations from six states in northeastern Nigeria with local strains of Schistosoma haematobium under laboratory conditions. A total of 10 F₁ generation snails, bred in the laboratory from each state population, were individually exposed to 10 miracidia obtained from schistosome eggs collected in Piro village, Bauchi State. Following a prepatent period of 24 to 28 days, both sympatric (same geographical origin) and allopatric (different geographical origin) host parasite combinations began shedding cercariae. The average cercarial output per snail per day was relatively low, ranging from 34 to 47 cercariae. However, the total cercarial output per 100 snails was high, ranging between 480,060 and 872,550 cercariae. The infection period per snail was short, lasting between 35 and 49 days. Infected snails exhibited a relatively low mortality rate (6.25–25%), suggesting a degree of tolerance to the parasitic infection. Notably, there were statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) among the states in both daily cercarial production and average infection duration. The combination of a short prepatent period, low mortality, and high total cercarial production indicates a strong compatibility between the local S. haematobium strain and B. globosus populations across northeastern Nigeria. These findings imply a high potential for the establishment and transmission of schistosomiasis in the region. Given this high compatibility, coupled with the extensive movement of people and livestock (transhumance) across the area, there is a significant risk for the spread and outbreak of human urogenital schistosomiasis. This underscores the need for region-wide surveillance and control strategies to mitigate transmission.
Bulinus globosus Snails’ population, North-eastern Nigeria, Schistosoma haematobium
Ecological Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Road Dust
In this study, a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable analytical method was developed for the detection and quantification of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) identified under the US EPA Consent Decree in urban road dust. Methanol was employed both as the sole extraction solvent and as the organic phase in a methanol–water gradient high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system, enabling efficient separation and analysis. Road dust samples were collected from diverse urban environments, including residential, industrial, and city center locations. Ultrasound-assisted extraction was applied to enhance PAH recovery. The measured concentrations of PAHs ranged from 77 to 1488.85 µg kg⁻¹ in city center dust, up to 2108 µg kg⁻¹ in residential areas, and between 138 and 1409 µg kg⁻¹ in industrial zones. The method achieved low detection (0.33–37.98 µg kg⁻¹) and quantification limits (0.99–22.87 µg kg⁻¹), along with satisfactory average recovery rates ranging from 69% to 88%. Precision was demonstrated through acceptable intra-day (78.91%–110.43%) and inter-day (75.30%–114.65%) variability. Health and ecological risks associated with the detected PAHs were assessed using toxicity equivalency factors (TEFs), hazard indices (HIs), incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs), and ecological risk quotients (ERQs). While the PAHs in road dust were not found to pose significant human health risks, a moderate ecological risk was identified. Source apportionment analysis indicated that the predominant contributors to PAH contamination were combustion-related, specifically from gasoline and diesel fuel sources. Overall, the study demonstrates the potential of this simplified, green analytical approach for effective environmental monitoring of PAHs in urban road dust, especially in resource-limited settings.
Road dust, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, High performance liquid Chromatography, Methanol extraction, Ecological risk assessment.
Source Apportionment of Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Road Dust
This study assessed and compared the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in road dust collected from various zones within Durban City, South Africa, including the city centre, residential areas, and industrial districts. The investigation aimed not only to quantify PAH levels but also to identify their likely sources and assess potential health risks. Measured concentrations of total PAHs varied across the different land-use areas: from 77 to 1488.85 µg·kg⁻¹ in the city centre, up to 2108 µg·kg⁻¹ in residential areas, and between 138 and 1409 µg·kg⁻¹ in industrial zones. These variations reflect differing emission sources and traffic intensities across the city. To determine the origin of PAHs, several molecular diagnostic ratios were calculated, including phenanthrene/anthracene (0.03, 0.34, and 0.41), benz[a]anthracene/chrysene (0.99 and 0.85), benzo[b]fluoranthene/benzo[k]fluoranthene (1.51 and 1.53), and benzo[a]pyrene/benzo[e]pyrene (0.98 and 0.92). These ratios, alongside results from principal component analysis (PCA), indicated that the dominant sources of PAHs were related to the incomplete combustion of petroleum products—primarily vehicular emissions from gasoline and diesel engines. Furthermore, the study employed toxicity equivalency factors (TEFs) to estimate the carcinogenic potential of individual PAH compounds. Health risk assessments were conducted using the hazard index (HI) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) metrics. Results indicated that, while PAHs were present in varying concentrations, the associated health risks—both non carcinogenic and carcinogenic—were within acceptable limits, suggesting that road dust PAHs in Durban do not currently pose significant health concerns for the urban population.
Road dust, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, High performance liquid Chromatography, Source apportionment, Cancer risk assessment.
Occurrence, Human Health and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Road Dust
In this study, a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable analytical method was developed for the detection and quantification of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) listed under the U.S. EPA Consent Decree in urban road dust. The approach employed methanol both as the extraction solvent and as the organic phase in a methanol–water gradient high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system, eliminating the need for toxic solvents and minimizing environmental impact. Road dust samples were collected from various urban settings—including residential, industrial, and city center areas—and subjected to ultrasound-assisted extraction to enhance PAH recovery. PAH concentrations in the samples showed significant spatial variation, ranging from 77 to 1,488.85 µg kg⁻¹ in the city center, up to 2,108 µg kg⁻¹ in residential zones, and between 138 and 1,409 µg kg⁻¹ in industrial areas. The method demonstrated low limits of detection (LOD: 0.33–37.98 µg kg⁻¹) and quantification (LOQ: 0.99–22.87 µg kg⁻¹), along with satisfactory average recovery rates of 69% to 88%. Precision studies indicated acceptable intra-day and inter-day variability, ranging from 78.91% to 110.43% and 75.30% to 114.65%, respectively. Health risk assessments based on toxicity equivalency factors (TEFs), hazard indices (HI), and incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCR) revealed that PAH levels in the road dust posed minimal carcinogenic or non carcinogenic health risks to the exposed population. Source apportionment analysis suggested that vehicular emissions—particularly from gasoline and diesel combustion— were the dominant contributors to PAH contamination. This method not only proves to be an efficient and greener alternative for monitoring PAHs in urban environments but also holds strong potential for routine environmental assessment in regions affected by traffic-related pollution.
Road dust, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, High performance liquid Chromatography, Methanol extraction, Cancer risk assessment
Integrated Geophysical Appraisal of Groundwater Potential in a Crystalline Basement Terrain Using Vertical Electrical Sounding: A Case Study from Chikun and Environs, North-Central Nigeria
This study conducts a detailed geophysical assessment of groundwater potential in the crystalline basement terrain of Chikun and its environs in North-Central Nigeria, employing the Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) technique. The region is geologically characterized by porphyritic granite, granitic gneiss, and mica schist, which exhibit varying degrees of weathering and fracturing—key factors influencing groundwater accumulation and movement. A total of fifteen VES stations were surveyed within the Kakuri Sheet 144 NW, revealing four to six distinct geo-electric layers. These layers include topsoil, sandy clay, consolidated sand, highly weathered basement, slightly weathered basement, and fresh basement rock. Resistivity values recorded across the area ranged from 195.3 to 604.4 Ωm. Zones with lower resistivity were interpreted as water-saturated layers, indicative of potential aquifer units. Notably, VES points 1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 13, and 15 displayed favorable geoelectrical characteristics for groundwater development, making them suitable candidates for borehole drilling. The fractured and weathered basement units constitute the primary aquifer zones, providing a dependable source of groundwater within this otherwise low-permeability hard rock environment. The findings affirm the effectiveness of VES as a non invasive, cost-efficient method for delineating subsurface hydrogeological structures and identifying viable groundwater zones. This integrated geophysical approach not only enhances groundwater exploration and development in the study area but also offers a practical and replicable model for similar crystalline basement terrains across sub-Saharan Africa—especially in regions facing seasonal water scarcity and increasing demand for sustainable water supply.
Groundwater potential, Vertical electrical sounding, Crystalline basement, Geo-electric layers, Chikun, Nigeria