Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences (Science Forum)
Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences (Science Forum) is a peer-reviewed, quarterly open access journal that is aimed at providing rapid and quality publication of learned articles in all areas of Science and other related disciplines which can be accessed online and hard copy.
Synthesis, Characterization and Structural Properties of Ni0.9Bi0.1Fe1.9Co0.1O4 /Polypyrrole Nanocomposites
Polypyrrole (PPy) was synthesized via a chemical oxidative polymerization route using pyrrole monomer in the presence of different oxidizing agents. In parallel, hexagonal ferrite nanoparticles with the chemical composition Ni0.9Bi0.1Fe1.9Co0.1O4 (x= 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3) were successfully prepared using the sol–gel auto-combustion technique. Analytical-grade precursors, including nickel nitrate, cobalt nitrate, ferric nitrate, bismuth nitrate, and citric acid, were utilized without further purification. Stoichiometric quantities of the metal nitrates were accurately weighed and dissolved in ethylene glycol to produce a homogeneous salt solution. Citric acid was subsequently introduced as a chelating agent while maintaining a cation-to-citric acid molar ratio of 1:1.5. The pH of the resulting solution was adjusted to 7.0 through the dropwise addition of ammonia solution to facilitate gel formation and ensure uniform metal ion distribution prior to auto-combustion synthesis. The structural, morphological, compositional, and magnetic properties of the synthesized Ni0.9Bi0.1Fe1.9Co0.1O4 nanocomposites were investigated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX). FTIR analysis confirmed the successful formation of the polymer-ferrite composite structure, while EDX spectra verified the elemental composition of the synthesized materials. FESEM micrographs revealed that the ferrite nanoparticles were uniformly and completely encapsulated by the polypyrrole matrix. Magnetic hysteresis measurements further demonstrated low coercivity values, confirming that the synthesized nanocomposites exhibit soft magnetic behavior suitable for advanced electromagnetic and electronic applications.
Polypyrrole, Ethylene glycol, FESEM, EDX, Nanocomposite Ammonia
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences (Science Forum) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
ASSESSMENT OF ICT INTEGRATION FOR EFFECTIVE TEACHING AND LEARNING OUTCOMES OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES EDUCATION IN COLLEGES OF EDUCATION, NORTH CENTRAL, NIGERIA.
Abstract This study examined the integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for enhancing teaching effectiveness and learning outcomes in Arts and Social Sciences education in public Colleges of Education in North Central Nigeria. The study was necessitated by the increasing relevance of ICT in contemporary educational systems and the growing demand for technology-driven instructional practices in teacher training institutions. A descriptive survey research design was employed for the study. The target population comprised lecturers and final-year students, from which a sample of 360 respondents was selected using multistage sampling techniques. Data were collected using a structured instrument titled ICT Integration for Teaching and Learning Questionnaire (ICT-TLQ). The instrument was validated by experts in educational technology and measurement and evaluation, while a reliability coefficient of 0.87 was established using Cronbach’s Alpha, indicating high internal consistency. The findings revealed that lecturers and students possessed a moderate level of ICT literacy, particularly in fundamental competencies such as computer operation, use of Microsoft Office applications, internet browsing, and multimedia presentation tools. However, deficiencies were identified in advanced ICT competencies, including the application of ICT for effective instructional delivery, online academic research, digital content development, and troubleshooting of technological devices. The study further established that ICT integration significantly enhances instructional delivery, improves student engagement and participation, facilitates comprehension of abstract concepts, and increases access to diverse educational resources. Nevertheless, effective ICT utilization was constrained by inadequate ICT infrastructure, poor internet connectivity, unstable electricity supply, insufficient professional training, limited technical support services, and inadequate funding. The study concluded that ICT possesses substantial potential for improving educational quality and recommended increased investment in ICT facilities, continuous capacity-building programmes, and effective curriculum integration strategies.
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Teaching and Learning Outcomes Arts and Social Sciences Education Colleges of Education ICT Integration
Design, fabrication and experimental analysis of A 5 kVA hybrid Solar inverter with MPPT Charge Controller for improved energy efficiency
The increasing global demand for reliable, efficient, and sustainable energy systems has intensified the need for advanced solar power conversion technologies capable of maximizing photovoltaic (PV) energy utilization. This study presents the design, development, and performance evaluation of a 5 kVA hybrid solar inverter integrated with a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) charge controller to enhance overall system efficiency and operational reliability. Conventional inverter systems employing Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)-based charge controllers often exhibit reduced energy conversion efficiency, particularly under fluctuating solar irradiance and varying load conditions. To address these limitations, an advanced MPPT-based DC–DC converter was incorporated into the system to dynamically track and maintain the PV array at its optimum operating point for maximum energy extraction. The developed hybrid system consists of a 5 kVA pure sine wave inverter rated at 230 V AC and 50 Hz, a 48 V battery bank, a high-efficiency MPPT charge controller, and an intelligent hybrid switching mechanism enabling seamless integration of solar, battery, and grid/generator power sources. Both simulation and experimental analyses were conducted under varying irradiance and load profiles to evaluate system performance. Results revealed that the integrated MPPT controller enhanced solar energy harvesting efficiency by approximately 15–25% compared to conventional PWM-based systems. The inverter maintained stable voltage regulation within ±2%, frequency stability of ±0.5 Hz, and total harmonic distortion below 3%. Furthermore, the implemented multi-stage battery charging strategy improved storage efficiency, minimized battery stress, and prolonged battery lifespan. The study demonstrates that integrating advanced MPPT control significantly improves energy utilization efficiency, system reliability, and the techno-economic viability of hybrid solar power systems for residential and small-scale commercial applications.
Deciphering Paleoclimate and Provenance Signals in Niger Delta Clay Deposits Using Major Oxide Geochemistry and Weathering Indices
This study investigates the major oxide geochemistry of clay deposits within the Niger Delta to evaluate their provenance, weathering characteristics, depositional environment, and industrial suitability through integrated geochemical and statistical approaches. Twelve representative clay samples were collected from selected locations across the study area and analyzed for major oxide composition using Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP–OES). The analyzed oxides include SiO₂, Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, MnO, MgO, CaO, Na₂O, K₂O, TiO₂, and P₂O₅, together with Loss on Ignition (LOI). Geochemical results indicate that SiO₂ is the dominant oxide, with concentrations ranging from 42.21% to 91.91% and an average value of 71.06%, suggesting quartz-rich, compositionally mature, and highly weathered sediments. Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃ recorded average concentrations of 13.58% and 3.44%, respectively, reflecting appreciable contributions from clay minerals and ferruginous components. The generally low concentrations of CaO and MgO indicate minimal marine influence and support deposition within predominantly fluvial to deltaic settings. Statistical analyses reveal a strong negative correlation between SiO₂ and Al₂O₃, indicating silica enrichment associated with sediment recycling and prolonged chemical weathering under tropical climatic conditions. In contrast, positive correlations between Fe₂O₃ and Al₂O₃ suggest a common lithogenic origin and similar geochemical behavior during sedimentation. Graphical and statistical interpretations further indicate felsic continental provenance, advanced weathering intensity, and significant sediment maturity. The study concludes that the clay deposits were principally derived from intensely weathered continental source rocks and, although limited in high-grade industrial applications due to elevated silty content, remain suitable for the production of building blocks, pottery, and thermal insulation materials.
The Teacher Factor in the Integration of Language and Literature Among Junior Secondary School Students in Niger State
This study investigated the teacher-related factors influencing the integration of language and literature instruction among Junior Secondary School (JSS) students in Niger State, Nigeria. A mixed-methods research design was employed to provide both quantitative and qualitative insights into teachers’ perceptions, instructional practices, and pedagogical challenges associated with language–literature integration. The study involved 144 teachers selected through a stratified multistage sampling technique across the three senatorial zones of the state. Data were collected using structured classroom observation schedules, teacher questionnaires, and student interviews, and subsequently analysed using descriptive statistical tools and thematic content analysis. Findings revealed a significant disparity between teachers’ positive perceptions of the pedagogical value of integration and the extent of its practical implementation in classroom settings. Teachers strongly acknowledged the educational relevance of integrating language and literature for promoting real-life language application, vocabulary enrichment, and higher order cognitive development, with a grand mean score of 4.29. However, reported classroom implementation practices were comparatively lower (grand mean = 3.85), particularly in relation to fostering interactive learning and reducing rote memorisation. Although respondents rated their academic qualifications and English language proficiency highly, lower confidence levels were expressed regarding pedagogical competence in literature-based instructional activities (mean = 3.75) and adequacy of professional training for integrated teaching approaches (mean = 3.62). Major constraints identified include overcrowded classrooms, inadequate literary materials, limited instructional time, and insufficient professional development opportunities. Classroom observations and student interviews further confirmed that language and literature were predominantly taught as separate disciplines, with minimal learner-centred engagement. The study concludes that while teachers recognise the instructional value of integration, inadequate pedagogical preparation and structural limitations hinder effective implementation. The study therefore recommends curriculum revision in teacher education programmes to incorporate specialised training and supervised practical experiences in language–literature integration pedagogy.
Teacher factor; Language–literature integration; Pedagogical competence; Junior Secondary School; Niger State
Assessment of Natural Radioactivity Hazard in Water Sample in some parts of Delta State, Nigeria
In this study, the radioactive activity concentrations (AC) are determined, along with radiological parameters such as absorbed dose rate, internal hazard index, radium equivalent activity index, excess lifetime cancer risk, and committed effective dose (mSvy-1). This resulted in relatively high activity concentrations in all water sources in the study area, with average activity concentrations exceeding WHO recommended levels of permissible drinking water of 10, 1.0, and 0.1 Bql-1 for 40K, 238U, and 232Th and 1.0, and 0.1 Bql-1 for Radium Equivalent Activity Index (226Ra, 228Ra), respectively (WHO,2008). The descriptive statistical overview of the AC for each location is for 40K, 238U, 232Th and Raeq, radionuclides in the water samples ranged from 129.89 ±11.37 to 345.78 ±7.99 Bql-1, 5.29 ± 0.11 to 10.24 ± 2.05 Bql-1, 1.58 ± 0.03 to 9.06 ±2.12 Bql-1 and 22.33- 40.14 Bql-1 respectively. These results demonstrate that samples UKW 5 (Ukwuani LGA), INE 3 (Ika North East LGA), OSN 3 (Oshimili North LGA) and ANS 5 (Aniocha South) have the highest values for 40K, 238U, 232Th and Raeq, respectively, while samples PAT 1 (Patani LGA), INE 5 (Ika North East LGA), UKW 4 (Ukwuani) and ISS 1(Isoko South LGA) have the lowest for 40K, 238U,232Th and Raeq respectively. Test of significance by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) shows no significant differences (p ≥ 0.05) exist between the LGA and there exist a significant value with the WHO value. The results also shows the statistics of the radiological parameter which ranges from 0.008 - 0.033 where OSS 2, UKW 4, PAT 3,ISN 2 has the lowers value of 0.008 while OSN 2 has the highest value of 0.033 with a mean of 0.014±0.001. The excess lifetime cancer risk and statistics for every local government area in the study region were above the world average value of 10-4 (EPA, 2012). This implies that the chances of having cancer in the study area is significant. Therefore all the sources of drinking water in this area of study must be treated before consumption to avert the likely health implications.
Okpaidi Oluwaseun Okpaidi Oluwaseun Sunday
Multi-Well Reservoir Heterogeneity and Flow Unit Characterization Using Wireline Logs, RQI, and FZI in the Niger Delta Basin, Nigeria.
Reservoir heterogeneity and hydraulic flow unit characterization constitute critical parameters in optimizing hydrocarbon recovery within structurally and stratigraphically complex depositional systems such as the Niger Delta Basin. This study investigates reservoir quality, compartmentalization, and flow unit architecture in the offshore QUAC Field, Niger Delta, Nigeria, through an integrated petrophysical evaluation of wireline log datasets acquired from three wells: QUAC-1, QUAC-2, and QUAC-3. The workflow incorporated gamma-ray, neutron–density, sonic, and resistivity logs to quantitatively estimate shale volume (Vsh), porosity, and permeability, while hydraulic flow units were delineated using the Reservoir Quality Index (RQI) and Flow Zone Indicator (FZI) techniques. Four principal reservoir zones were identified and classified on the basis of distinct lithological and petrophysical characteristics. Computed shale volume values range from 0.12 to 0.45, indicating moderate to high vertical heterogeneity across the reservoir succession. RQI and FZI values cluster between 0.09–0.18 and 0.90 1.12, respectively, suggesting the predominance of moderate-quality hydraulic flow units. Neutron–density crossplot analysis reveals the occurrence of multiple hydraulic flow units governed by depositional facies variability and post-depositional diagenetic modifications. Among the delineated intervals, Zone 2 across all wells represents the cleanest, most laterally extensive, and hydrocarbon-saturated reservoir unit with enhanced reservoir continuity and favorable petrophysical attributes. Conversely, Zone 3 consistently exhibits poor reservoir quality, characterized by elevated shale volume values ranging from 0.38 to 0.45, thereby functioning as a potential flow barrier and non reservoir interval. The integration of multi-log petrophysical analysis with hydraulic flow unit classification provides a robust framework for understanding reservoir heterogeneity and compartmentalization, thereby supporting efficient reservoir management and strategic hydrocarbon field development.
Fluid saturation; Hydrocarbon reservoirs; Reservoir Quality Index; Flow Zone Indicator; Compartmentalization
Distribution of strontium in the groundwaters of parts of central Plateau, North central Nigeria
Although the WHO has no guidance for the concentration of strontium in drinking water, consumption of strontium in drinking water and foods has received attention due to its adverse human- health effects. This study was carried out to determine the concen tration and distribution of strontium in drinking water in parts of central Plateau State, Northcentral Nigeria. The 65 groundwater samples collected for this study showed no sig nificant variation of strontium with regard to both rock types and drinking water sources. A significant correlation between strontium and the major cations indicates possible feld spar weathering as mineral leaching strontium into the waters. The highest value of stron t ium in the area was 1.06 mg/l. About 94% of drinking water sources in the area have strontium concentration below the global strontium in the freshwater level of 0.5–1.5 mg/l and 100% below the health-based screening level benchmark of 4 mg/l. It is clear that strontium in the waters of the study area is not adequate for bone development, especially for children. No literature has, however, reported bone-related problems in the area indicating that calcium may be adequate in the waters to supplement strontium in waters and foods. This has been confirmed by the 68% of water sources having calcium and strontium ratio of 100 and above.
Strontium Groundwater Central Plateau North Central Nigeria
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences (Science Forum) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Origin of saline groundwater in parts of the Middle Benue Trough, Nigeria
Determining the origin of saline groundwater is crucial for effective water resource man agement and protection, and to obtain clues for minerals and petroleum discoveries. Out of groundwater that were sampled and analyzed from part of the Middle Benue Trough, 3 are saline water that are discharged from folded and faulted sandstone of the study areas. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrophotometer was used to analyze the major cat ions and trace elements while titration was used to analyze for sulphates ion chromatographic method. Oxygen isotopes (δ18O) in water samples were analyzed via COequilibration, and hydrogen isotopes (δ2H) in water samples were analyzed by ther mochemical reduction method. Three different statistical analyses—Piper trilinear dia gram and Chadha plot, Cl/Br ratio, and isotopes plot—were used to determine the origin of groundwater in the study area. Using Piper trilinear diagram and Chadha’s plot, Cl/Br ratio, and isotope plot, three origins were discovered as meteoric, mixed, and marine. All the saline water in the study area are marine in origin and are associated with sandstone aquifers found in the Asu River Group and Awe Formations which are the oldest formations in the study area. In Nigeria, there is no work done on the use of Chadha’s plot and Cl/Br ratios to determine the origin of saline groundwater
Origin Saline water Middle Benue Nigeria
Prevalence of Malaria and Plasmodium Parasite Speciation in Selected Local Government Areas of Gombe North, Gombe State, North Eastern Nigeria
Malaria remains a major public health challenge in Nigeria, driven by sustained transmission intensity, the emergence of antimalarial drug resistance, and the circulation of multiple Plasmodium species. This study evaluated the prevalence of malaria and the distribution of Plasmodium species in Gombe, Kwami, and Funakaye Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Gombe North Senatorial District, Nigeria. A cross-sectional epidemiological study design was employed across the three LGAs. A total of 1,152 participants were screened for Plasmodium infection using standard parasitological procedures. Thick and thin blood smears were prepared, stained, and microscopically examined for malaria parasite detection and species identification. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests, with statistical significance established at p < 0.05. The overall malaria prevalence across the study area was 62.41%, with significant spatial variation among the LGAs (χ² = 10.61, p = 0.005). Kwami LGA recorded the highest prevalence rate (69.01%), followed by Funakaye (60.16%) and Gombe LGA (58.07%). Although malaria infection was prevalent across all age categories, the highest burden was observed among children aged 0–10 years and individuals aged 16–20 years; however, age-associated differences were not statistically significant (p = 0.182). Gender-based analysis revealed significantly higher infection rates among males (67.34%) compared to females (57.95%) (χ² = 10.74, p = 0.001). Plasmodium falciparum was the predominant species, accounting for 92.71% of infections, whereas P. malariae (3.39%), P. ovale (2.26%), and P. vivax (0.69%) occurred at comparatively lower frequencies. The findings demonstrate sustained malaria transmission in Gombe North and underscore the urgent need for strengthened malaria control strategies, improved treatment compliance, enhanced vector management, and continuous epidemiological surveillance.
Malaria, Prevalence, Speciation, Plasmodium, Cross-sectional, Transmission
Utilizing Graeco-Latin Square Design to Improve Teaching and Learning Outcomes in Secondary Education
This study applies the Graeco–Latin square experimental design, an extension of the classical Latin square design, to evaluate the joint effects of multiple instructional factors on students’ academic performance while controlling for nuisance variability. The Graeco–Latin square framework enables the simultaneous investigation of four factors— rows, columns, Latin treatments, and Greek treatments—without confounding, thereby ensuring orthogonality and efficient estimation of main effects within a balanced design structure. The empirical application focuses on six classes of students exposed to six subjects, taught by six different teachers employing six distinct teaching methods across six instructional periods. Academic performance was operationalized using students’ failure rates, and the dataset was analyzed using Minitab 17. Descriptive statistics revealed that Senior Secondary 3 (SS3) students exhibited the best performance, with the lowest mean failure rate (21.33%). Subjects taught by Aishatu (Biology and Basic Science) recorded comparatively lower failure rates (22.67%), while Method C (deductive teaching approach) yielded improved outcomes (21.91%). Additionally, the sixth instructional period (ζ) demonstrated the most favorable performance, with a minimum average failure rate of 19.25%. Inferential analysis using analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that the p-values associated with the four factors—classes (0.594), teachers (0.646), teaching methods (0.571), and instructional periods (0.604)—exceeded the conventional significance threshold (α = 0.05). Consequently, the null hypotheses were not rejected, suggesting that variations across these factors are statistically insignificant. The findings imply that, within the experimental constraints, no single factor exerts a dominant influence on student performance, highlighting the robustness of the instructional system under study.
Graeco–Latin Square Design Experimental Design and ANOVA Teaching Methods Evaluation Student Academic Performance Orthogonal Design Analysis
Look-Ahead Linear Multistep Methods with Quadratic Stability Polynomials for Initial Value Problems
This study presents a recently developed class of approximate numerical integration techniques for solving first-order ordinary differential equations particularly initial value problems (IVPs). The proposed family of schemes, referred to as look-ahead linear multistep methods, is formulated based on the introduction of a function evaluation at an additional step beyond the current integration point. This look-ahead strategy enhances the computational structure of the methods and improves their numerical performance in the integration of a wide range of ordinary differential equations. One of the major advantages of the proposed approach is its ability to generate relatively large regions of absolute stability, particularly for methods whose stability polynomials possess quadratic characteristic roots. The methods further exhibit predictor–corrector characteristics, thereby improving convergence behavior, numerical consistency, and solution refinement during implementation. However, owing to the combined predictor–corrector formulation and the inherent look-ahead mechanism, the dependence of the stability roots on the independent variable also becomes quadratic in nature. In this work, the coefficients of the developed methods are derived explicitly up to order seven, while a systematic strategy for constructing higher-order schemes is also proposed. Preliminary numerical experiments conducted on selected initial value problems demonstrate that the developed methods are computationally efficient, highly accurate, and numerically reliable. Comparative analyses further reveal that the proposed class of look-ahead linear multistep methods performs competitively, and in several cases more effectively, than existing methods possessing similar structural and stability properties.
Continuous scheme, Differential system, Discrete variable, Initial value problem, Non-linear system
MODELING DIPHTHERIA TRANSMISSION AND CONTROL STRATEGIES IN NIGERIA USING A COMPARTMENTAL MODEL APPROACH
Diphtheria remains a significant public health concern in many developing countries, particularly in regions characterized by low immunization coverage and undiagnosed infections. One of the major challenges in controlling the disease is the often overlooked contribution of asymptomatic individuals, who may silently sustain and propagate transmission within the population. This study develops a deterministic diphtheria vaccine–treatment model to describe the transmission dynamics of diphtheria within the Nigerian population and to evaluate the impact of different vaccination and treatment strategies on disease prevention and control. Model parameters were estimated using reported diphtheria incidence data obtained from the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control covering the period from 1 December 2022 to 31 July 2023. The basic reproduction number, (R0), was derived analytically, and the estimated mean value of (R0 = 6.010) indicates sustained endemic transmission and suggests that existing intervention strategies are insufficient to effectively curtail disease spread. Sensitivity analysis identified key epidemiological parameters driving diphtheria transmission dynamics, including the recruitment rate, waning immunity rate from fully vaccinated individuals to the susceptible class, asymptomatic transmission rate, and waning immunity rate from partially vaccinated individuals to susceptibles. The findings underscore the critical need for comprehensive control strategies that extend beyond symptomatic case management. Such strategies should include sustained immunization campaigns, booster vaccination programmes, enhanced surveillance, and targeted interventions aimed at reducing asymptomatic transmission. The proposed model provides valuable quantitative insights for evidence-based diphtheria prevention and control policies, particularly in resource-constrained settings.
Keywords: Diphtheria modeling; Mathematical modeling; Infectious diseases; Epidemiology; Intervention Strategies; Basic reproduction number
A Comparative Study of Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Activity of Enancia Chlorantha and Tamarindus Indica
One of the main sources of organic chemicals is medicinal plants. The purpose of the project research is to examine the antibacterial qualities and phytochemical compositions of Tamarindus indica and Enancia chlorantha. Qualitative phytochemical analyses of Tamarindus indica and Enancia chlorantha reveal that both plants have alkaloids, phenols, flavanoids, and saponins; however, glycosides are absent in the former but present in the latter, and tannins are present in the former but absent in the latter, and reducing sugar is not found in any of the plants. This study also looked at the plants' ability to inhibit the growth of aspergillus niger, Escherichia coli, candida albican, and streptococcus aureus. The results showed that the plant extracts were more effective at low concentrations than high concentrations, and that they showed moderate inhibitions against the growth of these bacteria. The study advances our knowledge of these plants' medicinal potential, which may have important ramifications for the creation of natural products and medication.
Streptozotocin, Diabetic, Camel Milk Blood Sugar
Geomagnetic storm effects on ionospheric total electron content at Toro, Nigeria
Energy input into the upper atmosphere during geomagnetic storms takes the form of enhanced electric fields, currents, and energetic particle precipitation. This storm-time energy input affects the ionosphere–thermosphere coupling which leads to the balance between the storm-induced circulation and the regular circulation and determines the spatial distribution of negative and positive storm effects. This study revealed episodes of positive and negative ionospheric storm effects during these storm events with positive effects dominating the main phases at the Toro, Nigeria International Global Navigation System Satellites Service network station while the recovery period is characterized by either positive or negative effects or a combination of both. The geomagnetic storm time was determined using the geomagnetic Dst index, southward interplanetary magnetic field, and auroral electrojet index. The development of the positive ionospheric storm effect at the low latitudes is caused by the upward movement of ionization to regions of reduced recombination rate.
Total electron content Geomagnetic storm Ionospheric Scintillation
Petroleum Source Rock Characterization of the Pindiga Formation Exposed at Pantami Stream, Gongola Sub-Basin, Northern Benue Trough, Nigeria
The hydrocarbon potential of the Pindiga Formation exposed at the Pantami Stream section within the Gongola Sub-basin of the Northern Benue Trough, Nigeria, was evaluated through an integrated lithostratigraphic, organic geochemical, and carbonate petrographic approach in order to constrain source rock quality, organic matter characteristics, depositional environment, and thermal maturity. Detailed field-based lithostratigraphic logging revealed a stratigraphic succession dominated by shale, limestone, and minor gypsum interbeds, indicative of deposition within a predominantly marine depositional system influenced by relatively low-energy conditions and episodic evaporitic input. Six representative shale samples were subjected to Rock-Eval pyrolysis for the determination of Total Organic Carbon (TOC), kerogen type, generative potential, and thermal maturity parameters, while six limestone samples were analyzed petrographically to characterize microfacies and infer carbonate depositional conditions. The geochemical results show TOC values ranging from 1.2 to 2.4 wt.%, reflecting moderate organic matter richness and suggesting a fair to good source rock potential. Hydrogen Index (HI) values ranging from 133 to 225 mg HC/g TOC indicate the predominance of mixed Type II/III kerogen, suggesting the presence of both oil-prone and gas-prone organic matter with mixed marine and terrestrial affinities. Tmax values between 421 and 430°C indicate immature to early mature thermal conditions, implying that the studied interval has not yet attained optimal thermal maturity for significant hydrocarbon generation. Carbonate petrographic analysis reveals predominantly micritic limestones classified as mudstone and wackestone, consistent with deposition in low-energy marine environments favorable for organic matter preservation. The association of fine-grained argillaceous facies, micritic carbonate microfacies, and moderate organic enrichment suggests conditions conducive to source rock development. Overall, the results demonstrate that the Pindiga Formation possesses fair to good hydrocarbon source rock potential; however, greater burial depth and enhanced thermal maturation would be required for optimum hydrocarbon generation and expulsion. These findings reinforce the petroleum prospectivity of the Pindiga Formation within the Northern Benue Trough and provide insights into its source rock evaluation framework.
Organic Geochemistry; Rock-Eval Pyrolysis; Pindiga Formation; Petroleum Geology; Northern Benue Trough
Synthesis, Characterization and Photocatalyticdegradation of Acid Dyes Using Hydrogen Peroxide (H2o2) As A Catalyst.
This study reports the synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic degradation of a novel azo dye derived from 6-amino-2-(5-chloro-1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-1H benzo[de]isoquinoline-1,3(2H)-dione as a key intermediate. The intermediate was diazotized and subsequently coupled with H-acid (4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7 disulfonic acid) to yield the target dye. Structural and physicochemical characterization of the synthesized dye was carried out using melting point determination, UV–Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (^1H-NMR) spectroscopy. The dye was further evaluated for photocatalytic degradation using a UV/H₂O₂ advanced oxidation system in a photoreactor. The degradation process was systematically investigated by varying four operational parameters: solution pH, initial dye concentration, catalyst (H₂O₂) loading, and irradiation time. Experimental design, optimization, and statistical analysis of main and interaction effects were performed using Minitab 17 software. Optimization results indicated that maximum degradation efficiency of 72.1417% (desirability = 0.73063) was achieved under the following conditions: dye concentration of 10 mg/L, H₂O₂ loading of 2 mL, irradiation time of 90 minutes, and acidic medium at pH 3.0. The findings demonstrate that the UV/H₂O₂ photocatalytic system is effective for the degradation of the synthesized acid dye. Consequently, this approach shows significant potential for application in the treatment of tannery and textile wastewater containing recalcitrant dye pollutants.
Synthesis, Analytical techniques, photocatalyticdegradation, Effluents
Impact of Technology on Physics Education in North Central Nigerian Colleges of Education
This study evaluated the efficacy of technology-enhanced learning (TEL) tools in improving Physics education outcomes within Colleges of Education in North Central Nigeria. Specifically, it examined the effects of technology integration on students’ academic achievement, engagement, and motivation, while also identifying effective pedagogical strategies for classroom implementation. A quasi-experimental pretest–posttest non equivalent control group design was employed. The study population comprised 5,107 NCE Physics students, from which a sample of 350 was selected using a multistage sampling technique guided by the Krejcie and Morgan (1970) sample size determination model. Intact classes were assigned to experimental and control groups. Data were collected using two validated instruments: the Physics Performance Test (PPT) and the Impact of Technology on Physics Education (ITPE) questionnaire. Reliability indices were established using Kuder–Richardson (KR-20) and Cronbach’s alpha coefficients. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) were used to address research questions, while inferential analyses, including independent samples t-test and multiple regression, were conducted at a 0.05 significance level. Findings indicate that students exposed to TEL interventions achieved significantly higher academic performance than their counterparts under conventional instruction. Furthermore, technology integration exerted a statistically significant positive effect on engagement and motivation, explaining approximately 28% of the observed variance. Effective integration strategies identified include robust institutional support, adequate ICT infrastructure, structured lesson design, deployment of virtual laboratories and simulations, and adoption of student-centered digital pedagogies. The study concludes that TEL significantly enhances learning outcomes in Physics and recommends sustained investment in infrastructure, continuous professional development for lecturers, and systematic curriculum-level integration of digital technologies.
Technology, Achievement, Physics Education, Engagement, Motivation
Leveraging on Neuroscience Based Strategies as Predictor to Improve Learning Outcomes in Social Science Education of Tertiary Institutions in Niger State, Nigeria
This study examined neuroscience-informed instructional strategies as predictors of learning outcomes in Social Science education across tertiary institutions in Niger State, Nigeria. Grounded in Educational Neuroscience and Cognitive Load Theory, the investigation operationalized key constructs—awareness, engagement, and implementation of brain-based pedagogical approaches—and evaluated their influence on students’ cognitive ability and retention. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was employed, with data obtained from 325 respondents drawn from Colleges of Education. Instrument reliability was established with Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranging from 0.71 to 0.82, indicating satisfactory internal consistency. Robust regression modeling was utilized to estimate predictive relationships while mitigating the influence of outliers and heteroscedasticity. The results demonstrate that both awareness and utilization of neuroscience-based instructional strategies exert a statistically significant positive effect on learning outcomes, particularly cognitive ability and retention (β = 0.307, p < 0.01). In addition, student engagement emerges as a significant predictor (β = 0.196, p < 0.01), underscoring the mediating role of active cognitive involvement in enhancing learning efficiency. Interestingly, perceived challenges to the adoption of neuroscience-based strategies are also statistically significant (β = 0.219, p < 0.01), suggesting the presence of adaptive pedagogical responses under contextual constraints. Conversely, general instructional strategies and teachers’ attitudes do not exhibit statistically significant predictive power. The findings provide empirical support for the integration of neuroscience-informed pedagogy in tertiary Social Science education. The study therefore recommends the implementation of targeted professional development interventions aimed at enhancing instructors’ capacity to design and deliver engagement-driven, cognitively optimized learning experiences.
Neuroscience-based instructional strategies; Learning outcomes; Student engagement; Cognitive ability retention; Social Science education JEL classification code: I21, I23, C21
Ethnobotanical survey of the Savanna: (7) Medicinal plants used by traditional healers in treating human conditions in four localities in Bauchi State, Nigeria
Despite the widespread reliance on traditional medicine across Nigeria, ethnobotanical knowledge relating to the use of medicinal plants for healthcare maintenance remains inadequately documented, particularly in northern Nigeria. This study was undertaken to enrich the ethnobotanical knowledge base of Nigeria through the documentation and assessment of medicinal plant species utilized in four localities within Bauchi State. Ethnobotanical data were obtained from 29 traditional healers using structured interviews designed to capture indigenous knowledge on medicinal plant use. Information collected included plant species names, plant parts utilized, therapeutic applications, and methods of preparation and administration of crude herbal remedies. The study documented a total of 105 plant species distributed across 42 families, accounting for 236 use reports. These use reports were classified into 13 therapeutic categories, with the majority concentrated in four dominant groups: infections and infestations, pain-related conditions, digestive system disorders, and circulatory system disorders, indicating the prevalence of these health concerns within the study area. Family-level analysis revealed that Fabaceae was the most represented family with 22 species, followed by Moraceae with six species, while Combretaceae and Rubiaceae were represented by five species each. Voucher specimens of all recorded taxa were collected, authenticated, and deposited in the herbarium of the Department of Biological Sciences, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, ensuring taxonomic verification and future reference. The findings demonstrate a substantial reservoir of indigenous medicinal knowledge and underscore the importance of preserving this biocultural heritage. The documented species represent valuable candidates for pharmacological, phytochemical, and toxicological investigations to validate their claimed therapeutic efficacy and support their potential contribution to drug discovery and sustainable healthcare development.
Ethnobotany, Ethnomedicine, Traditional medicine, Herb, Medicinal plant.
Influence of Litter Quality and Mesh Size on Decomposition Dynamics and Nutrient Release Patterns of Selected Tropical Plant Residues
In tropical agroecosystems, the decomposition of plant residues constitutes a fundamental biogeochemical process governing soil fertility maintenance and nutrient cycling. This study quantitatively evaluated the influence of litter quality and litterbag mesh size on decomposition kinetics and nutrient mineralization patterns of selected tropical plant residues. A controlled litterbag experiment was established using six residues commonly encountered in tropical farming systems: banana leaves, Chromolaena odorata, Leucaena leucocephala, maize (Zea mays) stover, neem (Azadirachta indica) clippings, and Panicum maximum. Air-dried residues were placed on the soil surface within নাইlon litterbags of two mesh sizes (0.5 mm and 5.0 mm) to differentiate microbial-driven decomposition from combined microbial–mesofaunal activity. Litterbags were retrieved at 7, 14, 28, 49, and 98 days after placement to determine residual mass and quantify nutrient release dynamics for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg). Progressive mass loss was observed across all residues, indicating active decomposition and organic matter turnover. During the early decomposition phase (7–28 days), residue type exerted negligible influence on mass loss; however, significant differentiation emerged during the later stages (49–98 days), reflecting substrate-specific recalcitrance and lignocellulosic composition. Mesh size exerted a consistently significant control on decomposition rates, with finer mesh (0.5 mm) restricting faunal access, thereby resulting in greater litter mass retention and slower nutrient release relative to the coarser mesh (5.0 mm). Nutrient release trajectories varied systematically with litter quality. Nitrogen and phosphorus exhibited residue-dependent mineralization patterns, underscoring the role of initial nutrient content and C:N ratios. Potassium displayed rapid early-stage leaching attributable to its high solubility and weak structural binding within plant tissues. In contrast, calcium and magnesium demonstrated gradual release profiles associated with the breakdown of structural components such as cell walls. Overall, the interaction between residue quality and decomposer accessibility highlights the pivotal role of both substrate characteristics and soil biota in regulating decomposition processes and nutrient cycling, with direct implications for optimizing residue management strategies and enhancing soil productivity in tropical agroecosystems.
Litter decomposition; Nutrient release dynamics; Residue quality; Litterbag mesh size; Tropical agroecosystems
Comparative Engineering Properties of Basalt and Porphyritic Granite in Tokbet-Katul, Pankshin Sheet 190 SE, North-Central Nigeria
This study investigates the geological characteristics and compares the engineering properties of basalt and porphyritic granite in Tokbet-Katul, Pankshin Sheet 190SE, North-Central Nigeria, to evaluate their suitability for construction applications. Field geological mapping was conducted to document lithological units and structural features. Representative rock samples were collected for petrographic analysis using polarized light microscopy and geotechnical testing including specific gravity, density, porosity, water absorption, uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), aggregate crushing value (ACV), aggregate impact value (AIV), soundness, flexural strength, and hardness tests. Petrographic analysis revealed porphyritic granite composed of quartz, feldspars, biotite, and some accessory minerals, while basalt comprised plagioclase, pyroxene, olivine, and opaque minerals. Structural analysis showed dominant NNE-SSW joint trends in granite and NNW trends in basalt. Geotechnical results indicated granite has higher specific gravity (2.95 vs 2.85), UCS (34 MPa vs 31 MPa), flexural strength (10.24 vs 9.45 MPa), and hardness (6.4 vs 6.1). Basalt demonstrated better ACV (19.15% vs 22.26%) and soundness (7.20% vs 7.45%). Both rocks exhibited very low porosity (<0.08%) and water absorption (<0.7%). Both rocks meet international standards for construction materials. Porphyritic granite is superior for high-strength structural applications requiring compressive and flexural resistance, while basalt is better suited for road aggregates and environments requiring resistance to crushing and weathering cycles. The comparative evaluation provides essential baseline data for optimal utilization of these locally available resources in engineering projects.
Basalt, Comparative, Engineering Properties, Petrography, Porphyritic Granite
Modified Regression-Cum-Dual Mean Imputation Schemes for Estimating Population Mean Under Two-Phase Simple Random Sampling
In sample survey methodology, the incorporation of auxiliary information at the estimation stage is widely recognized as an effective strategy for improving the precision of population parameter estimates. This study develops modified regression–cum–dual mean imputation estimators for the estimation of the population mean under a two-phase simple random sampling (SRS) framework. The proposed estimators integrate auxiliary variables within a regression-assisted imputation structure, combined with dual estimation principles, to enhance efficiency in the presence of incomplete data. The methodological formulation considers two distinct cases within the two-phase sampling design, allowing for flexibility in handling varying patterns of auxiliary information and missing observations. The proposed estimators are derived analytically, and their statistical properties are examined, with particular emphasis on bias and mean square error (MSE) as measures of estimator performance. Efficiency comparisons are conducted against selected existing estimators commonly applied in similar sampling contexts. The results demonstrate that the modified regression–cum–dual mean imputation estimators consistently achieve lower mean square errors relative to the competing estimators across both cases considered, indicating superior efficiency and improved precision in estimating the population mean. These findings underscore the robustness of the proposed approach and its suitability for practical applications in survey sampling where auxiliary information is available and missing data issues are present. Overall, the study contributes to the advancement of imputation-based estimation techniques by providing a more efficient class of estimators within the two-phase SRS framework.
Auxiliary variable, Population Mean, Mean Squared Errors (MSE), Bias.
Modified Exponential Ratio Estimator Using Two Auxiliary Variables
This study contributes to the growing body of literature on survey sampling by enhancing the efficiency of population mean estimation through the incorporation of auxiliary information. In sample survey methodology, the integration of auxiliary variables at the estimation stage has become a fundamental strategy for improving estimator precision relative to conventional unbiased estimators. Building on this premise, previous research has demonstrated that the use of a single auxiliary variable can significantly reduce estimation variance; more recent advancements have extended this framework to accommodate multiple auxiliary variables for further efficiency gains. In this research, two auxiliary variables are simultaneously utilized to develop a class of modified ratio type estimators under a double sampling (two-phase sampling) scheme. The proposed estimator incorporates a system of weights—arbitrarily assigned to each auxiliary variable—to optimize their relative contributions during estimation. Furthermore, an exponential functional form is embedded within the estimator to attenuate the influence of extreme observations and mitigate the effect of outliers, thereby enhancing robustness. The theoretical properties of the proposed estimator are rigorously derived using first-order approximation techniques. Specifically, expressions for the Mean Square Error (MSE) are obtained and compared analytically with those of existing estimators in the literature. Conditions under which the proposed estimator outperforms conventional ratio and regression-type estimators are formally established. To validate the theoretical findings, an empirical investigation based on simulated datasets was conducted. The simulation results demonstrate a consistent reduction in MSE for the proposed estimator relative to competing estimators, confirming its superior efficiency and stability. Overall, the study provides a robust and flexible estimation framework that leverages multiple auxiliary variables and exponential adjustment to achieve improved performance in practical survey applications.
Finite population mean, Auxiliary variable, Weight, Bias and Mean square error.
Influence Of Social Media Usage on Students’ Academic Performance in Tertiary Institutions in Nigeria: A Study of Niger State.
This study empirically examines the influence of social media usage on students’ academic performance in selected tertiary institutions in Niger State, Nigeria. It specifically evaluates the differential effects of academic and non-academic social media usage, the relationship between time spent online and academic outcomes, and the effectiveness of self-regulatory strategies adopted by students. A descriptive survey research design was employed, targeting a population of 68,333 students across 13 accredited public tertiary institutions within three educational zones. A multistage sampling technique was adopted, and a sample size of 384 was determined using the Salant and Dillman (1994) procedure. Data analysis was based on 366 valid responses. Both descriptive statistics and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression were utilized to estimate relationships among variables at a 5% significance level. The findings reveal that academic-related social media usage exhibits mixed effects on academic performance, with at least one dimension showing a statistically significant negative influence (p < 0.05). Time spent on social media was not found to significantly affect academic performance (p > 0.05), suggesting that duration alone is not a critical determinant. However, balancing strategies—including regulated usage time, avoidance of social media during lectures, and engagement with academic content— demonstrated a statistically significant positive effect on academic performance (p < 0.05). The study concludes that while social media usage is not inherently detrimental, its impact is contingent on usage patterns and behavioral regulation. It recommends the promotion of responsible, structured, and goal-oriented social media engagement among students.
Social media usage, Academic performance, Balancing strategies. Self-Regulation, Strategies Ordinary Least, Squares (OLS) Regression.
Malaria Transmission Intensity (PfEIR) in Female Anopheles gambiae s.l. Across Different Ecological Zones in Bauchi State, Nigeria.
This study quantified the Plasmodium falciparum Entomological Inoculation Rate (PfEIR) across selected Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Bauchi State, Nigeria, using the pyrethrum spray catch (PSC) technique for indoor-resting mosquito collections. PfEIR, a key metric of malaria transmission intensity representing the number of infective bites per person per unit time, exhibited marked spatial heterogeneity across the study area. The highest PfEIR values were recorded in Bauchi and Dass LGAs, whereas comparatively lower rates were observed in Kirfi, Ganjuwa, and Dambam LGAs. Ecologically stratified analysis revealed mean PfEIR values of 10.19 and 12.33 infective bites per person per unit time in the Sudan and Sahel savannah zones, respectively, indicating relatively higher transmission potential in the more arid Sahelian belt. Despite observable spatial variations, statistical analysis showed that differences in PfEIR across the LGAs were not significant at the 95% confidence level (p = 0.075). Nonetheless, the spatial trends are epidemiologically relevant and suggest that environmental drivers—particularly rainfall variability, humidity, and temperature regimes—play a critical role in modulating vector abundance and parasite transmission dynamics. The findings are consistent with established malaria transmission models in West African savannah ecosystems, where seasonal climatic factors strongly influence vector breeding habitats and vectorial capacity. The elevated PfEIR observed in Bauchi and Dass LGAs underscores the need for spatially targeted and ecologically informed malaria control interventions, including intensified vector control measures and surveillance in high-transmission foci. Such targeted strategies are essential for optimizing resource allocation and reducing malaria burden in Bauchi State.
Plasmodium Falciparum, Entomological Inoculation Rate (PfEIR), Pyrethrum Spray Catch (PSC), Malaria Transmission Dynamics,
Aflatoxin Contamination in Grains Sold at Selected Markets, Kaduna, Nigeria
Grains marketed under open and poorly controlled storage conditions are highly susceptible to fungal colonization and subsequent aflatoxin contamination, with significant implications for food safety, public health, and economic valuation. This study quantitatively assessed aflatoxin contamination and associated mycobiota in three staple cereals—maize, millet, and sorghum—sourced from Kawo and Kasuwar Bacci markets in Kaduna between April and July 2025. Representative samples (300 g per grain type) were randomly procured from multiple vendors, aseptically packaged in sterile paper envelopes, and transported for laboratory analysis at the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) facility. Quantification of total aflatoxins was conducted using a validated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) protocol, while fungal isolation and enumeration were performed via standard culture-based techniques following surface sterilization. Microbiological analysis revealed that millet samples from Kawo market exhibited the highest fungal burden (3.0 × 10⁵ cfu/g), followed by sorghum (2.0 × 10⁵ cfu/g) and maize (1.2 × 10⁵ cfu/g). Similarly, at Kasuwar Bacci, millet recorded the highest load (1.7 × 10⁵ cfu/g), with maize (1.4 × 10⁵ cfu/g) and sorghum (1.2 × 10⁵ cfu/g) showing comparatively lower counts. Identified fungal taxa included Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium spp., and Mucor spp., all of which are known for their toxigenic potential under favorable conditions. Total aflatoxin concentrations ranged from 2.418 to 2.676 µg/kg, with the maximum value observed in maize samples from Kasuwar Bacci market. Despite detectable fungal contamination, the relatively low aflatoxin levels indicate compliance with established permissible limits, suggesting that the grains remain within acceptable safety thresholds for human consumption.
Green Mining: A Review and Recommendation for Reducing Environmental Risks in Nigeria
Nigeria’s mining sector has contributed appreciably to national economic growth through revenue generation, employment creation, and enhanced access to strategic and precious mineral resources. Notwithstanding these benefits, conventional mining practices in the country are typically associated with significant environmental externalities. These include extensive land degradation manifested as habitat destruction and landscape alteration, accelerated soil erosion, contamination of surface and groundwater systems through the release of toxic effluents and heavy metals, and large-scale deforestation resulting from unregulated extraction activities. Such impacts collectively threaten ecosystem integrity, biodiversity sustainability, and long-term land productivity. This review critically evaluates the concept of green mining as a sustainable framework for mitigating the environmental risks associated with mineral resource exploitation in Nigeria. Green mining is examined as an integrated approach that emphasizes environmentally responsible extraction, efficient resource utilization, minimization of ecological footprints, and the adoption of cleaner production technologies throughout the mining value chain. The study synthesizes existing literature on green mining principles, including waste minimization, energy efficiency, water conservation, land reclamation, and the incorporation of environmentally benign processing techniques. Furthermore, the review provides context-specific recommendations for operationalizing green mining practices within the Nigerian mining sector. These include the enforcement of stricter environmental regulations, integration of environmental impact assessment (EIA) protocols into all stages of mining operations, deployment of modern low-impact extraction technologies, and promotion of mine closure and land rehabilitation strategies. Emphasis is also placed on institutional strengthening, stakeholder engagement, and capacity building to ensure compliance and sustainability. Overall, the study underscores the imperative for transitioning from conventional mining systems to environmentally sustainable frameworks, positioning green mining as a viable pathway for balancing economic development with ecological preservation in Nigeria.
Green mining, Environmental sustainability, Nigeria mining sector, Mines, Hazards, Toxic Compounds
Paleoclimates and Provenance of Yolde Formation along Pantami Stream of the Gongola Sub Basin Northern Benue Trough, North East Nigeria.
The geochemical characterization of the Yolde Formation exposed along the Pantami stream section was undertaken to constrain provenance, paleoweathering intensity, depositional conditions, and tectonic setting. A total of eight (8) representative mudstone samples were systematically collected and subjected to whole-rock geochemical analysis. Major oxide ratios and selected trace element proxies were evaluated using established geochemical indices. The SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratios range from 3.12 to 4.91, reflecting a relatively low compositional maturity and suggesting limited sedimentary recycling and textural immaturity of the detrital fraction. The Al₂O₃/TiO₂ ratios (5.25–8.69) indicate a dominant contribution from felsic to intermediate source rocks, consistent with derivation from continental crustal materials within the adjoining basement complexes. Paleoclimatic conditions inferred from Sr/Cu ratios (3.45–9.70) suggest deposition under predominantly arid climatic regimes, which likely influenced both sediment supply and diagenetic evolution. The Chemical Index of Weathering (CIW) values range from 84.80% to 93.36% (average = 89.01%), indicating intense chemical weathering within the source area, possibly under prolonged subaerial exposure and effective leaching of mobile cations. Redox sensitive trace element ratios further constrain depositional conditions; Ni/Co values ranging from 0.24 to 1.44 (average = 0.57) are indicative of oxic depositional environments, suggesting well-oxygenated bottom waters during sediment accumulation. Tectonic discrimination based on SiO₂ versus K₂O/Na₂O relationships places the Yolde Formation within a continental rift to passive margin transitional setting, consistent with the evolution of the Gongola Basin as part of the failed rift (aulacogen) system associated with the opening of the South Atlantic. Collectively, these geochemical signatures provide robust constraints on the provenance, paleoclimate, weathering intensity, and depositional framework of the Yolde Formation in the study area.
Yolde Formation Geochemistry Provenance Analysis Paleo weathering Gongola Sub-basin
A Non-Homogeneous Semi-Markov Model for the Management of Continuous Blood Glucose Level in Diabetes Patient in Nigeria
This study develops a non-homogeneous semi-Markov model (NH-SMM) with five clinically defined latent states to characterize the progression and management of blood glucose levels in diabetic patients. The model incorporates time-dependent transition probabilities and variable sojourn times, allowing it to capture the effects of treatment interventions, lifestyle modifications, and underlying disease dynamics. Effective regulation of blood glucose is critical for minimizing diabetes-related complications. Simulation results indicate that treatment yields only marginal reductions in glycemic levels within the first day under both 50% and 90% effectiveness scenarios. However, more substantial reductions are observed after approximately 40 days, particularly under higher treatment efficacy, highlighting the importance of sustained and intensive therapeutic interventions for improved patient outcomes. The interval transition probability ( ) 12 n  records the largest decreases, while ( ) ( ) ( ) 23 34 45 , , n n and n    shows moderate reductions and ( ) ( ) ( ) 13 24 35 , , n n and n    exhibit smaller long-term effects. The results further reveal that transition probabilities between glycemic states increase progressively over time across all modeled scenarios, with the most rapid escalation observed in the absence of treatment. This trend reflects the natural progression of uncontrolled diabetes and the associated instability in blood glucose dynamics. Conversely, increased treatment intensity significantly attenuates these transitions, promoting greater stabilization of patients’ glycemic levels. The findings demonstrate that both higher treatment effectiveness and sustained intervention duration are critical for achieving improved clinical outcomes. An illustrative application based on five clinically relevant glycemic states highlights the capacity of the model to support treatment optimization and evidence-based policy planning. Additionally, the predictive outputs enhance patient monitoring, surveillance, and the implementation of individualized management strategies in diabetes care.
Diabetes, Interval Transition, Probability, Non-homogeneous, Semi-Markov process