Geology and hydrochemistry characteristics of groundwater in Chikun and its environs, Kaduna, North Central - Nigeria

Abstract

The hydrogeology of Chikun and Environs in North Central Nigeria (Kakuri Sheet 144) 
NW) was studied using geological, GIS, and hydrogeological methods. Three main 
rock types—porphyritic granite, granitic gneiss, and mica schist—were identified in 
the area. Lineament studies revealed a predominant NE-SW direction. A 
groundwater configuration map based on hydraulic head measurements from 38 
hand-dug wells indicated primary flow directions of SW, SE, and NE in the dry season. 
and SW, SE, NW in the wet season. Hydraulic properties, including yield (15.552
88.128 m3/day), transmissivity (1.779 x 10-8.96 x 10-1 m2/day), and storativity 
(1.03 x 10-13.706 x 10-3), were analyzed using pumping test results to assess 
borehole performance. Geochemical data showed Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 
ranged from 8 to 365 mg/l, Electrical Conductivity (EC) from 13 to 522 µS/cm, 
temperature from 6 to 30.75°C, and pH from 5.26 to 6.80. Most major and minor 
element concentrations fell within WHO and NIS allowable ranges. While 
groundwater in the study area was generally deemed drinkable and suitable for 
various uses, certain locations, including Gwogofe, Damba 2, Gwagwada 3, Angwan 
Turai, Gudun Guya, and Angwan Alkali 2, exhibited slightly elevated concentrations 
of Pb and Cr. The groundwater potential was classified as low, with transmissivity 
coefficients falling within the class of T magnitude IV, according to Krasny's 
Classification. This suggests suitability for smaller withdrawals for local water 
supply (private consumption). Overall, the study concludes that the groundwater in 
Chikun and Environs is generally usable, though some areas require attention due 
to slightly elevated concentrations of specific elements.