Prevalence and Risk Factors of Tinea Capitis Among School-Aged Children in Bauchi North, Bauchi State, Nigeria

Abstract

Tinea capitis, a highly contagious fungal infection affecting the scalp and hair shafts, 
represents a significant public health concern among children, particularly in low- and 
middle-income countries. Despite its recognized burden, there is limited 
epidemiological data on its prevalence and determinants in Bauchi North Senatorial 
District, Nigeria. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of tinea capitis and 
identify associated risk factors among school-aged children in Bauchi North, Bauchi 
State. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 385 children aged 3 to 14 
years, selected from primary schools across the region. Scalp and hair samples were 
collected and analyzed microscopically using potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparations 
to detect fungal elements. Structured questionnaires were used to obtain 
sociodemographic and environmental information. Data analysis was performed using 
SPSS version 23, with Chi-square tests and binary logistic regression employed to 
assess associations between potential risk factors and tinea capitis infection. The 
overall prevalence was 31.58%, with males (26.32%) more affected than females 
(5.26%). The highest infection rate occurred in the 3–5-year age group (14.03%). 
Statistically significant risk factors included rural residence (OR = 7.600; 95% CI: 
3.137–18.410; p < 0.001), low socioeconomic status, poor hygiene practices, 
overcrowding, and ownership of domestic animals. Protective factors were identified 
as regular hair washing (OR = 0.307; p < 0.001), frequent visits to barbers or salons 
(OR = 0.288; p < 0.001), disinfection of grooming tools, and consistent use of soap or 
shampoo. Clinical symptoms strongly associated with infection included scalp itching, 
scaling, and patchy hair loss. The findings underscore that tinea capitis remains a 
prevalent and neglected health issue among children in Bauchi North, fueled by 
poverty, inadequate hygiene, and environmental exposures. Targeted public health 
interventions focusing on hygiene promotion, community education, and early 
treatment are essential to reduce the burden of the disease.