Physicochemical Characteristics and Irrigation Quality of Water in Faya and Surrounding Areas Plateau State, Nigeria

Abstract

This study evaluates the physicochemical properties and irrigation suitability of various 
water sources in Faya and its surrounding environs within Plateau State, Nigeria. A total 
of 25 water samples were systematically collected during the dry season from both 
surface water bodies (including rivers, streams, ponds, dams, and mining ponds) and 
groundwater sources (wells and boreholes). These samples were analyzed for key 
physical parameters—pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), 
turbidity, salinity, and total hardness—as well as major chemical constituents such as 
calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), sodium (Na⁺), chloride (Cl⁻), sulfate (SO₄²⁻), 
bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻), nitrate (NO₃⁻), nitrite (NO₂⁻), phosphate (PO₄³⁻), and fluoride 
(F⁻). In addition, irrigation water quality indices were computed, including the Sodium 
Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR), and Kelley’s Ratio (KR). 
The results show that most water samples had pH values within the acceptable limits 
prescribed by the World Health Organization (WHO). However, elevated levels of TDS, 
turbidity, and hardness were observed in several samples. Notably, both groundwater 
and surface water sources exhibited fluoride and nitrate concentrations exceeding 
WHO guidelines, indicating potential health risks, particularly for long-term 
consumption. While SAR values remained below 10 in most cases—suggesting a low 
sodium hazard to soil permeability—MAR values exceeded 50% in the majority of 
samples, pointing to a significant magnesium dominance. Furthermore, elevated KR 
values in select locations suggest a risk of sodium-induced degradation of soil structure. 
These findings underscore the combined effects of geogenic processes (such as mineral 
weathering) and anthropogenic activities (including agricultural runoff and artisanal 
mining) on water quality. The study highlights the critical need for regular monitoring, 
effective water treatment strategies, and integrated water resource management to 
ensure the suitability of water for both irrigation and human use in the region.